aztecs and incas essays

aztecs and incas papers The Inca and the Aztec were similar here and there yet additionally had huge contrasts. The Inca lived on the northeastern shore of South America from 1450 AD to 1535 AD. The Aztecs lived in focal Mexico from 1325 AD to 1523 AD. How about we take a gander at the agribusiness. The Inca had a propelled horticulture framework, which permitted them to develop more food and practice. They would cut strides out of a slope and afterward would plant vegetables, for example, corn, beans, and squash. These were called patios. They likewise had a propelled water system framework that comprised of waterways and streams to help water the porches. The Aztecs likewise had a progressed agrarian framework. They utilized skimming gardens called chinampas which were pontoons made of reeds which soil was put onto and afterward seeds were planted in it. Along these lines they could have more land for cultivating. We should take a gander at fighting. The Inca were not forceful individuals and infrequently battled wars. Generally they battled possibly to vanquish more terrains or in the event that they were compromised. You will peruse later how a common war cut the Inca domain down. The Aztecs were a warlike human advancement and were forceful. They battled frequently so they could take prisoners for penance. All Aztec men were required to battle at the lord's organization. At the point when they couldn't discover a reason for war they played a ball game called tlatchli in which the washouts of the game would be yielded. Presently we should take a gander at religion. The Incas religion was mind boggling and centered around the sun. The Inca had confidence in blood penance and symbols. Likewise they yielded dark llamas as contributions to the sun. Like the Inca, the Aztec religion centered around the sun. They put stock in human penance and that the sun would pass on the off chance that they didn't make a penance. Aztec clerics made the penances and were positioned high in the Aztec human progress. Presently how about we talk about government. The Inca government was an exacting government. The primary rulers were the lord and his nobles. The individuals' lives ... <!

Strategic audit of Asics Corporation Research Paper

Vital review of Asics Corporation - Research Paper Example It involves assessing a corporations’ execution estimated against its general corporate (and business) methodology. Organizations start vital reviews in circumstances where there is a divergence between its corporate presentation and its key corporate objectives. The corporate and business execution of a partnership is influenced by both inside and outer factors just as the exercises of contenders inside a similar industry. A vital review is a significant instrument for organization supervisors and sheets to pinpoint issues and obstacles forestalling the accomplishment of their corporate key plans. This paper will assess the corporate exhibition of Asics Corporation by evaluating the outside components, inward factors, the business it works in and its rivals. It will likewise reach determination and vital suggestions dependent on the investigation done. Writing survey Foundations can't release their corporate administration obligations adequately until the sheets concerned completely take responsibility for organizations’ procedure by leading intensive reviews much similarly that budgetary reviews are done (Rabate, 2007). Key reviews are along these lines basic devices for helping the board and sheets settle on capable and cool headed choices about the firm so as to accomplish its key plans. The exhibition of an association in accomplishing its corporate plans are influenced by both interior elements, for example, the executives, business systems and key choices for example on creation techniques. Outer elements that incorporate monetary, political, and ecological just as socioeconomics influence the company’s execution. In assessing inside elements, the age of the firm, its creation procedures and skills, technique, abilities and methodologies in showcasing and its administration will be the focal point of core interest. This will b e finished utilizing business devices of SWOT investigation and PESTEL examination. SWOT implies Strengths, Weaknesses, openings and Threats and assesses both the inner and outer condition wherein a firm works. SWOT uses an incorporated methodology in examining a firm and is one of the most valuable and broadly utilized apparatuses to assess an association sensibly, and if appropriately utilized is a significant vital arranging instrument (Ferrell and Hartline, 2008). Outer PESTEL then again represents Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal factors as they influence an association and this for the most part assesses a firms’ outside working condition (Lorat, 2005). Political elements influencing Asics Operating universally in various worlds of politics requires Asics to adjust and submit to business and corporate guidelines in nations it has nearness in like North America and Europe. These are regarding assessments to be paid and business guideli nes. Monetary variables influencing Asics Foreign trade changes incredibly influence Asics budgetary execution, for example in 2008, its second from last quarter execution was lower than anticipated because of huge swings in outside trade rates. This for example observed its offers falling by 15 percent (Hall, 2008). The worldwide budgetary emergency saw its 2010 income and income fall contrasted with 2009, following a three-year time of consistent ascent in incomes (â€Å"Financial Times†, 2012). Social factors The world’s populaces are starting to invest more prominent energy into their wellbeing and wellness,

Concept Of Public Administration Free Essays

The administration is set up to help and serve the individuals of its country. The essential focal point of the administration is to give, secure, and serve its residents. All together for the legislature to stay responsible and to be successful, the field of We will compose a custom paper test on Idea Of Public Administration or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now com/open organization and-the board points of interest and-disservices of-associations as far as improving-administration conveyance and-responsibility/open organization was made to give checks to the residents to ensure the legislature is being considered responsible. Open organization is characterized as † Public organization involves government workers actualizing a predetermined approach inside the bounds of an administration official structure. Open overseers guarantee that each aspect of government, state, and neighborhood open administrations are offered and executed to help make ready for what's to come. † The greatest test of being in open organization is ensuring that you are being considered responsible and making the right decision and not what is mainstream. Initial, one the greatest deterrent in open organization is authority and the board in this field. Ensuring that an open chairman is somebody who will make the wisest decision and reasonable is elusive. Not just that being an open overseer and satisfying everybody is about unthinkable because of the way that everybody needs various things and plans. Next, the significant capacities in publis organization are an open chairman must be reasonable, firm, and reliable. An open overseer must be reasonable in all cases and can't have top picks since this make unscrupulousness and lost trust. This can hamper the viability of the association all together. Next, an open manager must be firm. This implies a wide range of individuals are going to address and consider their choices that are made. The open manager must be positive about their choice and remain by them. Next, must permits stay responsible and moral. An open chairman can't back track or accuse another person if a choice they made turns out poorly. Next, an open executive must be predictable. On the off chance that they do one thing in a circumstance, at that point when comparative circumstance emerges they have to keep on acting in a similar manner as they originally did. Next, one of the beiggest hindrances with being in open organization is continually ensuring you are acting politically right in setting . This turns out to be exceptionally troublesome on the grounds that it appears there is consistently somebody who can get irritated by all that somebody says or does. This become dangerous when comes to managing open organization issues. Perhaps the greatest impediment is considering the legislature responsible and having intergovernmental connections. A great deal of open organization employments are utilized as in they consider legislators responsible for their occupations and the bills they pass. They are assume to ensure the legislature is carrying out their responsibility. † Government strategy investigators are liable for making program arrangement and afterward assessing its viability. Strategy examiners present appropriate choices with informational collections and theories in regards to the potential impacts of the proposed arrangement. Subsequently, they scrutinize the outcomes and afterward make modifications as per need. † Often times when the legislature doesn't satisfy the needs of the individuals, it is the open organization field that is considered responsible not the government official on why these moves were permitted to make place. The greatest difficulties is applying the intergovernmental relations which is the finding of that center ground of where the individuals are fulfilled that you are considering the legislature responsible and yet ensuring the government official is glad and doesn't wilt defund you or fire you since you were considering them excessively responsible. At long last, when taking a gander at open organization overall the greatest angle isn't to get excessively concerned and overpowered by the activity given too you. Hierarchical conduct assumes a significant job in settling on choices and figuring out how to conciliate people in general. At times open directors are so worried about discernment they neglect to return to the fundamentals and have a similar outlook as an individual. Being in open organization doesn't or ought not mean a lot of formality. It ought to be tied in with offering an assistance to the individuals and ensuring the individuals are given a voice. At times, the most straightforward arrangement is human relations and understanding that the appropriate responses are consistently before us we simply have recall that we are individuals as well and rules and guidelines don't make society work. At last, when managing spending plan restranits it isn't in every case simple to achieve the essential objectives. All in all, open organization is an exceptionally requesting activity with high dangers yet incredible prizes. When taking a gander at the most concerning issues with open organization plainly with numerous issues the most significant thing is to consistently be firm, reasonable, and predictable. By clinging to these standards it takes into consideration an individual serving the individuals to consistently stay responsible and not to push on the off chance that they settled on the correct choice. The most effective method to refer to Concept Of Public Administration, Papers

Knowledge in American History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information in American History - Term Paper Example These corrections were significant throughout the entire existence of African Americans and alongside the twentieth century Civil Rights development comprise the most vital periods as far as opportunity for African Americans. Indeed, even as the Constitution ensured rights to African Americans there was as yet a considerable measure of obstruction, especially on account of Southern states. This period saw the ascent of the Ku Klux Klan as a methods for abusing African Americans. The Klan would take part in demonstrations of fear based oppression, including house burnings and murder, as a methods for threatening African Americans. The Civil Rights Act of 1871 was set up to confine ethnic viciousness in light of the Ku Klux Klan development (Stevens, 2001). During this period ‘black codes’ were likewise established as a methods for endeavoring to mistreat the as of late liberated African Americans. These demonstrations were established by some Southern states as a methods for proceeding to limit the privileges of African Americans through controlling work, their entitlement to claim guns, or go about as members of the jury in preliminaries of white people. With the Civil Rights Act of 1866 these demonstrations were canceled (Stevens, 2001). With the additional command over work and the ample rural land in the Southern districts, African Americans started taking part in sharecropping exercises. Sharecropping happened ashore that was recently utilized as a manor. In these occasions, African Americans would lease little plots of land from the ranch proprietor to collect their own harvests. During this period there were likewise uncommonly high absence of education rates among African Americans, with a detailed 70% lack of education rate in the Southern states (Stevens, 2001). Accordingly, this period additionally saw the rise of a portion of the primary schools for dark... This research project generally centers around the time of American history, in which African Americans drove their battle for equity in social liberties, in information and openings. The analyst follows and analyzes the verifiable movement of African Americans all through five particular periods in American history crossing from 1865 through the current time. In the research paper, it’s clear that all through the times inspected by the analyst the United States experienced noteworthy verifiable advancement concerning the social and social situation of African Americans. Unit One analyzes the Reconstruction time frame and how African Americans battled to accomplish rights and thriving in the wake of the Civil War. Unit Two of this research paper follows this movement as Southern states endeavored to balance dark advancement through authorizing Jim Crow laws that would stay set up until the second 50% of the twentieth century. Unit Three investigates the proceeded with persecut ion of blacks through Jim Crow laws, just as the Great Migration wherein extraordinary measures of people moved north to get away from this mistreatment. The Great Migration comprised of the movement of more than 5,000,000 African Americans from the Southern to Northern States. Unit Four of the research paper looks at the considerable advancement made during the Civil Rights Movement. At long last, Unit Five analyzes this advancement as African Americans made gains in accomplishing political office and encountering work gains. President Kennedy and Martin Luther King were referenced in this part.

Information Security

Information Security An organization is a particular entity of people having a collective goal/purpose to be achieved over a targeted period of time. There are certain types of organizations that take various forms such as partnership business, individual, business or one which includes a hybrid organization. In that respect, a hybrid organization is one that operates both in public and private sectors at the same time. It incorporates voluntary associations, non-governmental organizations, among other types (Pieterse, Caniels, Homan, p. 818). What is common among all these types of organizations is they need to safeguard every piece of detail away from any unauthorized personnel. This practice of securing data, regardless of their form that may either be physical or electronic from individuals who are ineligible for its access is what is popularly termed as Information Security. In short form, it can be simply referred to as InfoSec. To that extent, InfoSec proves critical in the development confidence that will ensure that the management of functions of the business assures the stakeholders of the integrity of the data and processes that the firm carries out or operates. This paper will focus on matters information security based on a fictional company. Working as a consultant in a certain non-governmental organization based in the state of Illinois, there appears to be a need of safeguarding the intellectual property and data in this organization. Sandburg Youth Sports Association (SYSA) is the name of the organization where I work as the Information and Communication Technology consultant. My role consists of functions pertaining to ascertaining that the operations of the technological systems are smooth and functional. Moreover, I am meant to facilitate improvements as well as enhancement of process functions to ascertain the success of the operation of business functions. The company SYSA was founded in the year 1996 by one Mr. Timmy Christopher. I chose this specific entity because as a sportsman and having a deep interest in technology; it quenches my passion. At the same time, SYSA gives me the opportunity to give back to the community in terms of the skills I acquire through what I learn there. Description of the Organization Sandburg Youth Sports Association (SYSA) is one of the few non-governmental sports organizations in the United States whose central aim is to use sports and technology to broaden the socioeconomic gap in the community while also effecting enhanced use of technology as a weapon of change in the society. This organization serves mostly the youth in the state of Illinois but is not limited to this state alone, but is also open to the rest of the members of the surrounding publics and the United States as a whole. To that extent, SYSA is an organization that is dedicated to the development of the community through the championing of sports activities. In that esteem, the SYSA is an organization that empowers members of the community towards the achievement of their goals and aspirations. It is a sure way of ensuring that the community members are mobilized effectively to enhance their effective management of sports talents. For that reason, I am proud to be associated with SYSA especiall y based on the fact that I am tasked with the responsibility of handling its technical functions. The organization comprises mostly of volunteers who offer their time and services in return for knowledge and skills that they acquire from experts based on the firm. However, some sections of the organization comprise of fully employed personnel who play the most significant part in running the organization. In total, there is an estimate of about 20 highly qualified employees and another 30 volunteers, including myself, who are dedicated to ensuring that the operations of the business are successful. Together, the various individuals work alongside each other to facilitate the success of the initiatives put forward by the firm’s objectives. The company ensures that staff members work cohesively to meet the objectives of the organization effectively. In my capacity, I ensure that the technical systems are well maintained to ensure that the functionality is effective and that all technical processes are operational. Structure of the Organization SYSA is run by highly self-motivated individuals and operates on a Matrix management method whereby each department consists of two or three bosses who are well-trained experts and are assisted by other volunteers whose work is to ensure that everything runs in order as per the objectives of the organization (Galvin, p. 5). The SYSA headquarters located in Illinois is supported by ten other zones in the same state. Inside the gated headquarters, there are offices which facilitate the running of the organization at large. Other structures include a payable gym service which is open not only to the staff, but also to members of the community and a fully stocked and functional library. The main task handled by the Executive Director of this organization is to oversee all the day to day programs and offer directives whenever called upon to. Second to the Executive Director is the Human Resource Manager whose responsibility is to maintain and enhance human resource programs, policies, and practices. The other departments i.e. the Library and the Gym are manned by two overall managers who have volunteers under them to assist in their work. Regulatory requirements. In its aim of providing opportunities to the youth through sports and technology, SYSA is fully aware of the regulatory compliances they are supposed to adopt in its structure. The services and daily activities carried out within the SYSA headquarters are ISO certified and meet the International Standards. In the United States of America, any reported case of breaking the laws and regulations of the organization attracts a criminal or civil penalty. Risks. As stated above, the SYSA organization deals with various data mostly in the gym, the library and the other 10 zones involved. This data may be financed in terms of money payable in the gym or library fines, statistical data in the library or even the zonal information from the SYSA organization came into existence. With all this in mind, there is the need to protect and safeguard the physical and electronic information fed in the organization. Some of the potential risks facing the organization’s information may come through manipulation of the zone data in ones’ own selfish interest. One may also try to hack into the gym department’s system and edit their financial statements in their favor or even clear the debts illegally. Hence, there is a need to put measures in place to avoid and prevent any potential loss to the organization. Threats to Information Security may appear in many forms. The most common threat of all is cybercrime and software attacks. Sabotage and information extortion are also similar avenues of Information Insecurity. A few examples of software malfunctions are observed when the system is attacked by viruses, Trojan horses and phishing attacks, among others. With technology advancing in every dimension every passing day, it is common to hear of organizations’ systems being hacked and money laundering happening now and then. This requires every organization to step up to the task in order to combat these petty crimes which cause organizations millions of shillings. These threats, however, need to be mitigated by setting up countermeasures and safeguards so as to eliminate and block threats. Policies on the Deliverables In normal practice, every organization is mandated with the task of providing reasonable policies which will go a long way in ensuring that rules and regulations are followed to the letter, and any discrepancies in the stated laws are punishable. As the consultant of SYSA, I saw it appropriate to come up with a number of policies, according to law, whose aim is to ensure that the objectives of the organization are protected, and any case of unexpected incidences are tackled. The other influence of policy making is the ideology of the company where the values and beliefs of the organization are held in high esteem. It is hoped that any action contrary to the following stated policies is punishable according to law. Website Private Policy. This is a simple document that discloses how the visitor’s information will be used in the SYSA website. Members will access the gym services will be required to open a portal which they will use in registering their membership. All payments will be made through this site, and members will be made to know that the SYSA systems are fully encrypted. This is aimed to instill confidence in our website visitors and let them know that any information provided either in the gym or library services is secured and that the organization will be responsible for any eventualities. Privacy Policy. This is a legal statement/document which fulfills the legal duty that an organization is supposed to protect a client’s privacy. As the consultant employed by SYSA, I will make it clear to the visitors what the organization intends to do with the information they feed into our system. I would come up with a Protected Personal Data (PDD) which will include electronic data or any hard copy information of members. In this Privacy Policy, I would let the customers know that they should report any suspicious incidents about their confidential data to the relevant authority. When it comes to their financial information, I will install the Kali Linux software which guarantees security for information so that customers will not have to worry about their finances. Breach Notification Policy. In the case of any breach of zonal information, clients’ financial information or interferences with records in the library, SYSA will investigate and notify the individuals affected by any information security breaches. The system of the organization will be updated to the extent that any tampering of the system can be detected and an amicable solution generated before any major damage happens. The Executive Director must be notified with immediate effect any news of breaching through the appropriate channels so that action can be taken. This Breach Notification Policy is aimed to ensure that stored Protected Personal Data (PDD) is not lost, stolen or in any way compromised. In the unseen event that the PDD is interfered with, the policy would recommend immediate disclosure until the issue is resolved. Moreover, major incidents of breaching such as that of Personal Identity Information (PII) are treated exclusively and may attract heavier penalties . The state government will also be notified of this breach, especially when the financial information of the members is in question. Since prevention is better than cure, I would install a Compliance Software on all the systems in the organization. When this software is implemented, it will help the organization manage its compliance data in a more simplified and efficient way (Johnson, p. 311). Incident Response Policy. In the incident that the security of SYSA has been compromised/ breached, the following Incident Response Policy will be put into effect. After reporting the breaching incident to the state government, an abrupt investigation will be carried out on the potential customers affected. The main aim is to manage the situation in a way that ensures the damage is limited at the same time minimizing the recovery time and any costs whatsoever. Computers affected and infected with unwanted malware should be scanned, and the issue put on notice to all the customers. Any security incident will be handled with immense care based on the severity of the damage. Disaster Recovery Policy. There may be lapses in the security systems of SYSA. In the case of the system infrastructure failure, an initial risk assessment will be performed to evaluate any possible vulnerabilities. The company personnel are put in charge of the ICT department will set up facilities to ensure backup storage of data. I would also open cloud storage of data on the internet so that in the event of system failure, there is always a backup mechanism available. The organization will be entirely responsible for any losses of financial and other belongings of customers and will work hand in hand with the Insurance Companies to compensate the affected victims. Outsourcing will also be considered as a viable option in the management of these threats that affect the software on the organization’s system. The organization will do everything possible so that the recovery time is minimized so that the operations of the firm return to normality as soon as possible. This poli cy which has a repeated lifecycle is aimed to provide a systematic plan to manage, implement, maintain and recover any lost resources and data. Information Security Policy. In a bid to come up with an InfoSec policy, I would create one which protects confidential information about the clients’ details to avoid any possible harm. The organization is in no sole position to secure all information belonging to clients; therefore, SYSA will work in togetherness with the customers and ensure they are familiar with current relevant policies and state regulations. SYSA will make sure to provide a very secure database system and a comfortable work environment for the employed staff, volunteers, and all the other authorized personnel. For SYSA to deliver quality services to their customers, it will make sure all users understand what is required of them in the bid of protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information they provide to the organization. SYSA will also respond to feedback as soon as possible and always improve on the possible areas of system lapses. Risk assessment is a crucial part of Information Security policy as it seeks to research on the vulnerable parts of an organization where information may be handled inappropriately. The process of risk management includes identification and estimation of the value of assets in the organization. Evaluate the potential impact that each thread will have to the assets and data of the organization. Finally, accept the risk and put up control measures to control and mitigate the risks. Terms of Use of Agreement or otherwise stated rules that one must abide by so as to use services used by an organization, in this case, SYSA. I would advise every member of the community to read this document carefully before putting pen to paper. This piece of information acts as a disclaimer such that one knows the rules and conditions to be followed through (Simitian, p. 1018). In the SYSA system, I would put an age limit of 18years since they are considered adults and would be entirely responsible for any actions. Every member should be responsible for their login details. If one does not accept the terms and conditions stated on the website of SYSA, they will not be eligible to receive the services offered by the organization. These Terms of use will be further deployed by use of the clickwrap agreement so that the user will first agree to the terms and conditions of the Sandburg Youth Sports Association before accessing the services. This acts as a manifestation of the agreeme nt. All that Information Security seeks to achieve is to preserve confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the customers’ information at the same time preventing unauthorized access to information entrusted to the organization by the client.

What Is Government, Free Essay Sample

What Is Government The government and the constitution According to Aristotle, a constitution guides the government activities when it comes to the ruling its people.   The constitution is a reference guide containing the people will. The constitution greatly determines the type of government.   A constitution is a precursor to the government; the government is only the creator of a constitution. The constitution contains the legislative requirement that protects its citizens.   The constitution of a country is not an act of the government leader, but of those that they represent. The Constitution is important because it is a body of an element where the government makes references based on the quotes in the various articles. The constitution contains the principles upon which the government needs to organize its power. The economic role of the government Government plays a fundamental role not only in governing people, but also facilitates development processes. Economic development is determined by market forces, including market rules and operating procedures. The government plays a major role in the economy because it facilitates the process to ensure a smooth transfer of goods and services. For example, the government has the mandate to its people to fund and develop proper infrastructure through taxation. Types of government The government can take different forms; historically Aristotle provides six classifications of government, which he further classifies, them as three normal types of government and three pervasive types of government. The three standard types of government include the monarchy where one person, aristocracy where a few people are in charge of   Ã‚  running the government and polity government where people are ruled by the majority.   Oligarchy is a type of government rules by a few individual while theocracy is a government ruled by God, this means the type of government ruled by a religious individual. Dictatorship is a type of government where people do not have the power instead; they are ruled by force often through the military. A democratic government Aristotle argues that a democratic government can be the worst form of government, but if handled well, citizens could greatly benefit. Democracy is   Ã‚  the opposite of other forms of government.   Today, most of the world attention is on democratic governance. The US is an example of a democratic government where citizens have the freedom of choice and of expression. Freedom means individual rights being protected. Democracy is founded on the principle of autonomy whereby the ultimate power lies with the citizens. The main principle of democracy is that, every citizen has equal rights and privileges. In a democratic government, the majority rule is their principle; this means that what is expressed by citizens through voting or their elected leader’s needs to be adopted. Democracy is developed based on the principle of cultural values and equality and liberty. All these principles are yet to be achieved.   It is not easy for the government to ensure that citizens exercise their rights, not many people in charge of running the government are democratic. That is why a perfect democracy is not easy to achieve. The difficulty in achieving perfect democracy was echoed by Sir Winston Churchill when he stated that no one could pretend that democracy is perfect, for him democracy is one of the worst forms of government because it requires a lot of consideration. Winston Churchill stated, â€Å"Perfect form of government compared to any other form of government produces even less desirable results than democracy†. Despite all the sentiments about democracy, looking at America today, you can say that there is no form of government has been able to regulate public affairs better than a democratic form of government.

Lean Body Mass in Children with Asthma Controlled by Steroid Therapy A Cross-Sectional Study - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 678 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Asthma Essay Did you like this example? Childhood asthma is markedly increasing in developing countries. The first line of management according to national asthma guidelines is inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Accurate body composition analysis with persisted asthma controlled by steroid therapy is essential at childhood, as the potential effects of the long-term treatment are still a matter of concern. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Lean Body Mass in Children with Asthma Controlled by Steroid Therapy A Cross-Sectional Study" essay for you Create order Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the total and segmental body composition especially the lean body mass in Egyptian children with asthma receiving inhaled steroid therapy. Methods: Lean body mass was measured by the gold standard, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in a cross-section study of 130 Egyptian pre-pubertal school-aged children (4-12 years); 50 asthmatic children with long-term steroid therapy (for two years) and results were compared with lean body mass values of 50 healthy children. Also, 30 asthmatic children with short-term steroid therapy (less than 6 months) were examined to rule of the duration therapy effect. Results: Asthmatic children received long-term steroid therapy had significantly higher chest lean mass than healthy children, which had highly significant association with weight, height, body mass index (BMI), total lean mass and total fat mass. However, no statistical significance is detected with short-term steroid therapy. Also, there is no significant sex difference. Conclusion: The lean chest mass is increased in children with asthma controlled by long-term steroid therapy, evaluation of those children using DEXA provides an accurate analysis of both total and segmental body composition. Keywords: lean body mass, DEXA, asthma, steroids Introduction Childhood asthma is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of lung [1, 2]. It is characterized by inflammation of airway with episodes of coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath [3]. Proper diagnosis of asthma is essential for the management; to detect accurate treatment and its dose [4]. Asthma cannot be cured, but it can be controlled by medications to reduce symptoms during acute attacks [5]. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are used as long-term controllers to reduce asthma-related morbidity and mortality and improve quality of life. National guidelines recommend corticosteroid therapy as a standard treatment for long-term control of childhood a sthma [6, 7]. Hence, the effects of long-term ICS therapy on asthmatic children must be clearly defined. Analysis of body composition is essential for clinical and research settings [8]. The majority of studies on asthma had concentrated on obesity and used body mass index (BMI) as a fat indicator, its results reflect limitation to predict body fatness and health risks in children; BMI cannot differentiate between muscle and fat mass as well as bone mineral content (BMC), also it cannot measure fat distribution but only indicate fatness in the whole body [9-12]. Alternatively, measurement of body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) provides an accurate assessment of the tissue level [8]. Careful consideration of the body composition changes and differentiation between fat and lean body mass may be an important factor in examining the lung functions in asthmatic children [13, 14]. The aim of this study was to assess the total and segmental body composition especially the lean body mass in Egyptian children with asthma receiving inhaled steroid therapy. Cross section data were collected and reported in this manuscript. Results The present study includes three groups: children with asthma controlled by long-term steroid therapy (32 males and 18 females), healthy children (26 males and 24 females) and children with asthma used short-term steroid therapy (9 males and 21 females). Their mean age of both groups is 8.5 ? ± 3.0 SD. Regarding the frequency distribution of BMI; the asthmatic group of long-term steroid therapy included (42 of normal weight and 8 overweight and obese), while the asthmatic group of short-term steroid therapy included (24 of normal weight and 6 overweight and obese) and the healthy group included (43 normal weight and 7 overweight and obese). The means and standard deviations (SD) of the anthropometric measurements and significant body co mpositions values (lean mass and fat mass) of asthmatic with long-term steroid therapy and the healthy group showed in (Table 1), while between asthmatic with long-term versus short-term steroid therapy shown in (Table 2). These data indicated that weight and BMI were significantly higher in asthmatic patients with long-term steroid therapy compared to healthy group. Therefore, the chest lean mass had significantly higher in the asthmatic group with long-term steroid therapy (P 0.008) comparing to the healthy group, however no statistically significant was detected with short-term steroid therapy. The fat mass had no statistically significant between groups. Also, a comparison between asthmatic with short-term steroid therapy and the healthy group was done with no statistically significant detected. In spite of the absence of significant sex difference, we conducted several additional analyses to find the association between body composition (lean mass especially chest and fat mass) with each other as well as with anthropometric measurements that shown in Table (3), using Pearson's correlations. These data indicated that lean chest, total lean and total fat masses had highly association with weight, height, BMI as well as with each other. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (p-value). Discussion Asthma and obesity represent serious complex chronic health conditions with high prevalence that have been studied in many studies and systematic reviews, reported a significant association between them [16-19]. Obesity considers a significant risk factor of asthma as more frequent symptoms with severe exacerbations could be detected in obsessing child, reduced response to medications as well [20- 25]. The excess fat and lean masses increasing risk of asthma [5]. Careful consideration of the body composition changes during growth and development of a child is essential for prediction of obesity and other health risks latterly in life. Although body mass index (BMI) is used as a fat indicator at many studies, although its limitation to predict body composition and health risks in children; as BMI cannot differentiate between lean and fat masses as well as bone mineral content (BMC), also it cannot measure fat distribut ion but only indicate fatness in the whole body [10-13]. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is used to analyze body composition based on a three-compartment model; fat mass, lean mass and the bone mass. Every compartment has a unique density and attenuates different energy beams; allowing an accurate quantification of each tissue with a convenient analysis of the whole and segmental body composition [14, 26]. Differences of body composition are detected among sex (males and females) at all ages; the included children in this study were selected in a pre-pubertal school-age period to avoid the obvious differences in body composition which emerge at adolescence with greater fat mass within females, while lean mass more prominent within males [27]. Few studies assessed the lean mass; total and regional distribution in children [14, 28, 29]. Some researches indicated the importance of studying thoracic adiposity in asthmatic adults [10, 24]. In this study, the lean chest mass withi n Egyptian asthmatic children was increased, who received long-term inhaled corticosteroids therapy, as steroids had anabolic action on protein metabolism by increasing synthesis and inhibition of breakdown, causing muscle growth. Moreover, the present study revealed a highly positive association between lean mass with weight, height and BMI, this agrees with Granell et al., (2014) that found the increased lean mass and fat mass in high risk asthma in mid-childhood, which persisted to age 15 years in birth cohort study [5]. Jensen et al., in (2014) have assessed the association between lean mass in obese Australia children aged (8-17 years) by DEXA. It was suggested that lean mass may be more important than fat mass in relation to the respiratory function of asthmatic children [14]. Findings of this study showed no significant difference in the fat mass between healthy and asthmatic children received short or long-term inhaled steroid therapy. Consistent results were found in a previous study concluded that short-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroids does not provoke growth alteration and fat accumulation [30]. Studies on obesity with respiratory disorders reported that in addition to the amount of fat m ass is contributing to impaired pulmonary function; fat distribution plays a role as well [22]. Abdominal fat was increased with decreased respiratory functions in asthmatic children [31, 32]. Therefore, it was suggested that children with long-term therapy of asthma accumulate more adipose tissue on the trunk [33, 34]. In conclusion, this cross-sectional study is based on an accurate body composition analysis by (DEXA) that allowing the evaluation of total and segmental body composition in relation to the duration of steroid therapy. The lean chest mass is increased in asthmatic children controlled by long-term steroid therapy. Conflict of interest No conflict of interest associated with this manuscript. Acknowledgments Authors are grateful to all children participated in this study and their parents.

The Availability Of Fast Food Essay - 1210 Words

The availability of fast food is contributing to the rise of Obesity in New Zealand Question 1: Explain the view point and find evidence to support the view I believe that some people have this view because fast food outlets usually consist of fatty foods. This means that people who don’t have much time or money can easily go out and buy food for themselves and their children. Studies show that New Zealand fast food consumption was an estimated 2-3 kgs per person per year. Studies also show that nearly $2000 is spent on fast foods every year. In Cambridge alone there are multiple fast food outlets. These include KFC, McDonalds, Dominoes, Pizza hut etc. because these foods are extremely high in fats when they are a consumed they cause people to gain wait. If you eat these foods once a week they will not really harm you but if you eat it regularly and do no exercise often you will become obese. This is the problem that is happening in New Zealand. Instead of people just buying them once a week people are buying them 3 to 4 times a week and it’s causing their diets to be unhealthy. In Cambridge and Hamilton there are healthy o ptions available these can include Subway, Kebabs, and local bakeries that sell sandwiches etc. Question 2: Gather evidence for and against different points of views? The professionals say that policies should be put in so that they cannot advertise junk foods so that kids do not go out and buy it. There has been 3000 institutions of professionals whoShow MoreRelatedObesity Is A Serious Public Concern862 Words   |  4 PagesObesity has increased rapidly in the U.S. since the 1970s. At the same time, the number of fast food restaurants more than doubled over the same time period. Exposes such as â€Å"Fast Food Nation† (Schlosser, 2001) and â€Å"Supersize Me† (Spurlock, 2004) highlight the popular perception that these two trends may be related—the availability of fast food may have caused at least some of the increase in obesity. Obesity has been linked to hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, kidney problems andRead MoreFast Food As An Common, Easy Meal1661 Words   |  7 PagesHow many times do you eat fast food in a given week? Is it tough choosing which fast food restaurant you want to go to? What do you order when you are sitting the McDonald’s drive thru? As a college student, with no income, writing papers and taking strenuous tests, I do not have the time or the financial resources to spend ample amounts of money going grocery shopping and cooking a heart healthy meal. A one dollar hamburger from McDonald’s is much more adventitious regarding my financial situationRead MoreRelation Between Fast Food Restaurants and Obesity1195 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Fast Food Restaurants and Obesity Introduction The combination of increasingly sedentary lifestyles, two-income families with children, busy single professionals and the proliferation of fast food restaurants in recent years has created a perfect storm of obesity in the United States as well as a number of other countries. Further exacerbating the problem is the lack of nutrition and high levels of fat content in many fast food restaurant products, making their consumption a high-risk activityRead MoreImplications of the Built Food Environment1438 Words   |  6 PagesTownshend 2006 Lake and Townshend define the built food environment as that environment which influences food choice (262-264). What this model implies is that food choice, and thus the health consequences of those choices, are determined to a large extent by food availability, cost, and advertising. To extend this model further, Lake and Townshend suggest that a built food environment can be obesogenic, which implies that the built food environment promotes weight gain. As Lake and TownshendRead MoreFood Chains And Food Manufacturers Must Bear Some Of The Blame For The Country s Weight Problem Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesFast- food chains and food manufacturers must bear some of the blame for the country’s weight problem. All over America, people are surrounded by TV commercials and advertisements for the tastiest, cheapest and unhealthiest food you can find. With so many people being targeted with these ads, the rate of obesity is on the rise. 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While making these notes we took into account how these might affect the social determinants of health in the community. Social determinants of health is the risk factors that effect an individuals health, the World Health Organisation (WHO) define these factors as the Social gradients, Stress, Early life, Social exclusion, Work and Unemployment, Social support networks, Addiction, Availability of healthy food, Availability of healthy transportationRead MoreAre We Taking It Too Far by Blaming Fast Food Restaurant for Obesity?1285 Words   |  6 PagesAre we taking it too far by blaming fast food restaurant for obesity? Although throughout the years many people have claimed that obesity is a genetic disorder for the most part; results of recent studies strongly indicate that lifestyles rather than genetics are what are causing an obese society, because people choose to not exercise, not watch their diet, and eat fast food. For the past few decades, food companies had aimed their marketing at single meals, pushing to inflate portion sizes. ThatRead MoreEssay about Benefits of Fast Food Restaurants867 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 22 J. Wharton Benefits of Fast Food Restaurants In the United States, the popularity of fast food restaurants is growing every day. Now days, people can buy a whole meal in fast food restaurants for between 6 to 7 dollars. People consider that fast food restaurants make their life easy and uncomplicated. For instance, if two parents was both working late and their kids was home with dinner not cooked, they could stop at any fast food restaurants to order food for dinner before heading homeRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic in America Essays1082 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican’s are obese because of poor food choices, over-eating, genetic disposition, lack of exercise, or the environment which one lives, while others blame it all on fast-food chains and restaurants. Throughout my research I have come to find a lot of facts and statistics about fast food consumption causing obesity. Statistics show that without a doubt the United States is the most obese country in the world. Since Americans typically live hectic lifestyles, fast food is a quick and easy way to grab

Similarities Between 1984 And Gattaca - 976 Words

In the dystopian worlds created by the film director Andrew Niccol and renowned author George Orwell, notions of control and freedom are explored. Both worlds contain an overarching power that governs the rest of the population and restricts freedom of individuals, these powers also aid in the progression of technology, which further act to control individuals. The characterisations of the protagonists of each text portray the lack of freedom from the perspective of those that are affected. Both authors use a variety of techniques to portray themes of control and freedom in their texts. Both Gattaca and 1984, explore notions of control over individual freedom exhibited by the dogma’s present in both worlds. Within both dystopian worlds,†¦show more content†¦Ultimately, the doctrines within both worlds constrict the freedom of individuals. Both texts explore how advancements in technology impact the freedom of individuals. In Gattaca, advancements in science – mainly in genetic engineering – leading to discrimination, in 1984, technological advancements such as the development of telescreens impacts the freedom people have as they are constantly watched. Within Gattaca, the genetic discrimination leads to a loss in freedom as â€Å"invalids† are denied jobs since â€Å"[the] real resume is in [their] cells.† The telescreens in 1984 constantly patrol individuals for any signs of rebellion against the party, even â€Å"a couple of seconds during which the expression in [their] eyes might conceivably [betray them]† to the party as a â€Å"thought criminal†. Within Gattaca, the world is portrayed as sterile and mechanical, everything is perfect – including the people – harshly juxtaposing with the imperfect world of nature. Similarly, in 1984, the party’s ideal set up was â€Å"a world of steel and concrete, of monstrous machines and terrifying weapons – a nation of warriors†¦marching forward in perfect unity†¦the reality was decaying, dingy cities where underfed people shuffled to and fro.† Both worlds wish for perfection and a loss of identity, this, however, is impossible. In Gattaca, someone will always have more superior genetics than others, leading to a constant inequality betweenShow MoreRelatedGattaca and 1984 Insight968 Words   |  4 PagesStephanie Sadaka Mr. Sisti April 26th, 2010 ENG 4U1 Literary Insight Paper After reading the novel 1984 and watching the movie Gattaca, I was able to perceive many concepts and similarities and differences between both pieces of art. Gattaca, directed by Andrew Niccol, shows a story of a society where life is controlled by genetics, rather than education or experiences. Based on your DNA, society determines where you belong, and your future. This allows no room for people to gain experiences

Silent Languages and the Business Culture Adopted by an...

Silent Languages and Business Culture adopted by an International Business Organization University Name Introduction Every organization has its own business culture and silent languages that help its employees shape the organizations culture and accept its core values (Driskill Brenton, 2011). Business organizations that are engaged in international marketing express their business culture and adopt the silent languages throughout their business setups. It is imperative for organizations to institute all the essential elements of their silent languages in order to strengthen their business culture among their employees and key stakeholders (Burnes, 2007). This paper acquaints the reader with an analysis of the business culture and elements of silent languages adopted by Nestlà © one of most competitive and fastest growing business organizations in the world. The paper starts with an ample introduction to the organizations business, industry, and product lines and proceeds with explaining the different elements of its communication patterns and cultural values. Nestlà ©: Business, In dustry, and Product Lines Nestlà © is the worldwide market leader in the food and beverages industry. It produces highest quality products for the consumers of every age group. Nestlà © was established in 1866 by Mr. Henri Nestlà © in Switzerland. Now Nestlà © has expanded its business operations all around the Globe with its extremely large product range; having more than 10,000 productsShow MoreRelatedCross Culture Management6213 Words   |  25 PagesGORRETH RE: NO 099034636 CROSS CULTURE MANAGEMENT PGBM 07 (ASSIGNMENT) TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................3 1. 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Infosys attracts the best talent from across the country and recruits candidates by conducting one of the toughest selection process. Infosys was one of the first companies to offer ESOPs to its employees. The company followed

Professional Environment Ethical Business Dilemma

Question: Discuss about the Professional Environment for Ethical Business Dilemma. Answer: 1: An ethical dilemma is quite common in a workplace. In case of ethical dilemma, an employee or an employer encounters a very complex and confusing situation, whereby it becomes challenging for the worker to take a firm decision, as the choice of one decision leads to the transgression of the other (Natale and Doran 2012). In the present case study, it has been observed that Alice, an employee of the organization named ACE, has utilized her professional skills and expertise for the purpose of creating and inventing her own security system, that owing to its unique, innovative and highly advanced qualities was capable of offering better protection to any kind of threat to the Information and Technology system of an organization. However, when Alice introduced the program to the manager of ACE, Ted, Ted absolutely refused to use it, owing to the absence of sufficient confidence in the capabilities of Alice. However, when Alices program was rejected by her own organization, she started continuing with her job, while at the same time focusing sufficient time, on the development of her program as well, and soon produced the same I the market under the pseudo name of Locksmith. . However, as and when the program became popular among the masses, and Ted discovered that Locksmith was none else but Alice herself, he immediately terminated her (Weiss 2014). Now, Teds manager Sheila Silk who was supposed to re-examine and review the whole thing, before terminating the service of an employee, relied blindly on the decision of Ted, and worked solely based on her prejudiced opinion towards Alice. The problem emerged when Busta, the owner of ACE, came to know about Locksmith, and asked Sheila to hire her, who was very well-aware about the actual identity of Locksmith. Here, the ethical dilemma emerges in the mind of Sheila silk, as to what she is supposed to do, as she is left with two conditions: Sheila will not hire back Alice. Sheila should hire Alice, as she has the necessary professional expertise required to take the organization a few steps ahead in a highly competitive market. It can be understood from the case study, that Alice was being terminated from her job without any justified grounds. Alice did not indulge in any kind of illegal activity, as she did not violate any privacy law of the business organization. A programmer can be sued and her service can be terminated, if he fails to follow the ethical guidelines such as giving proper credit for intellectual property, or honoring the confidentiality of his work or projects (Daft and Marcic 2016). In case of Alice, she has violated none of the ethical guidelines, and yet her service was being terminated on ground of the fact that she has hidden her identity, and has produced products in the market, instead of devoting her service solely to the development of the organization she has been working in, for the last 5 years. Alice has not behaved unprofessionally, and she has merely used her own professional skills, a part of which she has acquired from the training programs at ACE, to create her own progra m. Sheila, the senior manager of the organization must have reviewed and re-assessed the whole situation, to find out if it was an example of wrongful termination (Kruppe et al. 2016). It is noteworthy here that Sheila worked out of her biased opinion towards Alice, and it is evident that she has not gone through the positive performance reviews of Alice. Now, although she has been asked by the owner to hire Locksmith, she knowing the real identity, is unable to decide if she should hire back Alice, as it would also interrogate her and the managements decision in terminating the service of a highly skillful employee. It should be noted that each organization has a set of rules pertaining to the employment practices, and hence neglecting any of these rules, can lead to the accusation of breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing (Deaking and Morris 2012). The ground of termination of the service of Alice, is unjust and more importantly Sheilas decision to support and give consent to the decision of Ted, is in itself so wrong and devious that it can bring legal charges against her. Even if an employee is terminated due to the negligence of duty, she is supposed to be given a warning, something which was also denied to Alice. Now that Alice has proved her expertise and skills in the market, Sheila is confronting an ethical dilemma, regarding the fact whether she should hire the employee fired on unjust ground by the organization, or should the organization lose the working skills of a highly resourceful expert (Walsh 2015). 2: Four Step Ethical Analysis and Decision Making Process: Situation: Relevant Facts: In the present case study, it has been observed that Alice, the programmer working at ACE, develops her own program that owing to the unique and highly innovative features becomes an immediate success once it is launched in the market. However, as she has already approached her manager, who rejected the possibility of the sale of the program at a discounted or even free cost, the manager Ted on discovering the fact that Alice is using a pseudo name for continuing her business in the market, terminates her from her job. Ethical Issues: The main ethical issue that has emerged out of the situation is that Alices service was being terminated without any practical or justified ground. It is to be noted here that the case study suggests that she is an efficient worker of the organization, who has gained sufficient skill and knowledge about her work, by participating in a variety of trainings. Although she has initiated her private business, she cannot be accused of having neglected her official duty for the purpose of self-advancement (Bagenstos 2013). The case study clearly states that she worked in her own time, that did not intervene with the official work. The potential harm caused as a result of this ethical issue, is that an employee was being terminated without any justified ground. This resulted in the loss of Alices job that would not only affect her financial stability and dignity, but might also affect her family who might be dependent on her income. The next ethical issue that arose here is that Sheila, the senior manager must have cross checked and verified the entire situation, before terminating the service of an employee, and yet her decision was absolutely governed by her prejudiced opinion about Alice (Mamorsky 2015). The harm caused as a result of this ethical issue, is that that the organization lost the skill and expertise of a highly efficient and talented employee. Alice herself had also made an ethically wrong decision, when she chose to hide her real identity, and employ the pseudo name Locksmith, for conducting private business. Non-disclosure of private information is an ethical issue, and affects the reputation of the organization, in case the employee is engaged in an immoral act. This ethical issue might not affect the organization as a whole. However, if as an employee Locksmiths real identity would have been disclosed later, not only Alice would have been penalized, but the reputation of ACE might also get tarnished as well. Stakeholders Involved: Employee (Alice) Manager 1 (Ted) Manager 2 (Sheila) Shareholders (Jennings 2012). Government Step 2: Isolate the Major Ethical Dilemma: The major ethical dilemma that arises here is that whether Alice should be called back to work, or the organization should respect the decision taken by the manager of the organization, Ted. In case Alice is being called back to work she may sue the manager, Ted for having terminated her service without any valid or just grounds. Besides, her disclosure of unfair treatment to the other employees may create a negative impression in the minds of the employees, regarding the senior management system. Alice could also try to seek vengeance for the unlawful action taken against her, and may potentially harm the resources of ACE. However, if Alice s not being called back, the organization may lose efficient expertise of Alice, and may consequently be outrivaled by other organizations. In both the cases, the organization will be harmed; however, not hiring Alice would cause lesser harm to the organization. In case Alice is again hired, Alice will benefit, given the greater amount of financi al compensation, and incentive she can gain, while in case Alice is not being re-appointed, other rival organizations may benefit. However, choosing the second alternative that is not hiring Alice will be the most beneficial alternative (Shapiro and Stefkovich 2016). Step 3: Consequentialism: If Alice is being called back to work, then the reputation of the organization might get harmed. Since, Alice was being fired by the management authority of ACE, she might seek vengeance by harming the organization and its brand reputation, after re-joining the organization. If Alice is not being called back to work at ACE, then the organization might be harmed to a considerable extent. This is because, Alice has proved her skill, expertise and efficiency in program development, and in case she is employed by a rival organization, that organization will have a competitive advantage over ACE. Not hiring Alice back, is the alterative that will cause the least harm to the organization. If Alice is being hired back, Alice will be benefitted, though it should be remembered that she has already benefitted as the product introduced by her was an immediate success in the market, and as such she would gain enough recognition, to be able to earn sufficient amount of money. Hence, the organization would be benefitted by hiring a resourceful employee like Alice. If Alice is not being called back, the organization might be benefitted, as there would be less threat to the security system of the organization. Not hiring Alice will always result in maximum benefit, as though the organization might not be benefitted by the appointment of a talented employee, it would not have to suffer from a possible threat coming from an ex-employee. Consequentialism Comments: Not hiring Alice back, is the alterative that will cause the least harm to the organization. In case Alice is not being hired, another organization may temporarily gain a competitive advantage over ACE, and yet it should be noted that ACE can still use the product produced by Alice, and utilize the same for the organizations benefit. However, if Alice is hired back, she will gain sufficient knowledge about the security system of the organization, and may exploit the same for harming the information security system of the organization. In case Alice is not being hired, the organization will be benefitting the most under the given situation. This is because although the organization may not lose a potential and highly resourceful employee like Alice, they would at least not have to suffer from the fear of information hacking, and information theft, because of the presence of an agitated ex-employee. Rights and Duties: The rights and the duties violated here are as follows: The firing of Alice was illegal and as such the basic employment right was violated here, which clearly states that if an employee would be terminated, he/she should be terminated on properly justified grounds. Further, it is the duty of the employer to cite sufficient cause, as well as to provide a warrant before terminating the service of a employee. Again, the basic duty was also being violated when Sheila refused to review ad re-examine the whole situation, before providing consent to Teds decision of terminating the service of an employee, Alice. Another breach of duty, no less than an offence, was being conducted when Alice used a fake identity, for selling her program in private, while working as a program developer at ACE. Rights and Duties Comments: It can be seen from the above discussion that not only the management authority had violated the basic laws about fundamental rights and duties of the nation, but as a employee Alice can also be accused of identity theft. Kants Categorical Imperative: If Alice is being hired back, Ted as a manager as well as Sheila as a senior manager would be disrespected. If Alice is not being hired back, not only Alice would be disrespected, but the owner Busta Bigwig would also be disrespected. The alternative of not hiring back Alice is preferable. If Alice would be called back, then Ted ad Sheila would be treated unlike others. If Alice is not being called back, Busta will be treated unlike others. The alternative of not hiring back Alice is preferable. If Alice is being hired back, the organization might benefit from her professional expertise. If nobody agrees with the decision of hiring back, the benefit would be the company would be able to save itself from the fear of information theft. The alternative of not hiring back Alice would be the most preferable. Discussion: It has been understood that although Alice has perpetrated an action, that cannot be regarded as absolutely ethical, when she chose to conduct private business, without disclosing her identity to her own organization, or to the world, she did not deserve termination of her service. It should be remembered that if Alice chooses, she can sue the managers, Ted and Sheila, for having terminated her without any warning, and more importantly without a systematic approach to the situation as her performance history was neither reviewed nor was considered in the process (Oliver 2014). Decision: Finally, it can be concluded that the organization, as for now, should not hire Alice back, as her unfair treatment and poor experience in the organization may tempt her to cause serious harm to the information security system of the organization. It is advisable here that the organization creates a set of stringent ethical guidelines that must be followed by the employees as well as the managers, while appointing or terminating an employee. The management authority of ACE may also consider writing an apology letter to Alice, apologizing for the treatment meted out to her, while congratulating her on her success at the same time. Reference List: Bagenstos, S.R., 2013. Employment Law and Social Equality.Mich. L. Rev.,112, p.225. Daft, R. and Marcic, D., 2016.Understanding management. Nelson Education. Deakin, S.F. and Morris, G.S., 2012.Labour law. Hart publishing. Frericks, P., Jensen, P.H. and Pfau-Effinger, B., 2014. Social rights and employment rights related to family care: Family care regimes in Europe.Journal of aging studies,29, pp.66-77. Jennings, M.M., 2014.Business: Its legal, ethical, and global environment. Nelson Education. Kruppe, T., Rogowski, R. and Schmann, K., 2013.Labour market efficiency in the European Union: Employment protection and fixed term contracts. Routledge. Mamorsky, J.D., 2015.Employee Benefits Law: ERISA and Beyond. Law Journal Press. Natale, S.M. and Doran, C., 2012. Marketization of education: An ethical dilemma.Journal of business ethics,105(2), pp.187-196. Oliver, L., 2014. Linda Dickens (ed.), Making Employment Rights Effective: Issues of Enforcement and Compliance.Work, Employment Society,28(1), pp.139-141. Shapiro, J.P. and Stefkovich, J.A., 2016.Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Walsh, D.J., 2015.Employment law for human resource practice. Nelson Education. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Managerial Decision Making Entrepreneurship Theory

Question: Discuss about theManagerial Decision Makingfor Entrepreneurship Theory. Answer: Introduction Herbert Alexander Simon, a political scientist, psychologist and sociologist, researched within a large range of subjects, unified by the researches of decision making (Zsambok Klein, 2014). The capacity of human mind for formulating and solving complex problems is very small compared with the size of problems whose solution is required for objectively rational behavior in the real world or even for a reasonable approximation to such objective rationality this quote of Simon will be analyzed in this essay based on four concept of Simon that defines the bias in decision making in the workplace. This theory is also known as the concept of bounded rationality. It is beyond doubt that Simon has been a pioneer of the concepts of bounded rationality. These concepts discussed here, can be used in order to explain bias and rationality in the decision making process on the basis of explaining the concepts here. The concepts are Judgment and decision making process, Bounded rationality, Judg ment heuristics and biases that are responsible for a biased managerial judgment in the organization. These concepts define the diverse influence on the though process of an individual while making an important decision. Judgment and Decision Making Process Any kind of decision making aims to solve problem and in order to do that the procedure involves three basic activities, selecting the agendas, setting up the goals, and designing the actions; after the problem solving evaluating and choosing is generally called decision making (Ford Richardson, 2013). Simon as a researcher focused on the understanding of human behavior and particularly the decision making. In discussing the judgment and decision making process, Simon had addressed two approaches. The first approach concerns the cognitive process in practice, not the theoretical approach to the economic theories that states decision makers have access to all the required information and unlimited time. The second goal is to prescribe how to make the good decisions. In other words, it can be said that Simon has investigated whether any competence in the decision making exists or not. This approach of Simon towards the process of decision making gives rise to another concept, biased r ationality. Researchers have agreed with Simon on the economic agents not being rational, but not exactly with the concept of bounded rationality theory (Clarke, Horst Roberts, 2015). It was found in the later researches that several times people diverge systematically from the expected outcome, decided in many theories. Bounded Rationality The concept of bounded rationality refers to the economic actors maximizing the utility; it also says that, in order to do it, the actors need to be rational and perfect agents. This also means that the final outcome of their taken decisions will be same if logical rules are used properly or a full cost benefit analysis is done with all the available options (Hasan, Shamsuddin Aziati, 2013). Simon came with this concept where he defined the decision making as a search process that is guided by several aspiration levels. Aspiration levels are defined as the value of the aim variable that much be surpassed by the satisfactory decision substitute. In other words, the concept of bound rationality refers to the rational theories underlying the adaptive behavior of people. In other words, it is the idea that when the individuals make decisions their sense of rationality is limited by the decision problem, the cognitive restriction of the mind and the available time for taking the decision (Chrisman, Memili Misra, 2014). The given quote clearly refers to the concept of bounded rationality. It refers that the decision makers act as the perfect agents who seeks a solution that is satisfactory than the optimal one. Simon proposed this theory as the alternative of the mathematical expression of decision making and the model views the decision making process as a entirely rational one of finding the optimal choice from the available information. Simon had utilized the analogy of scissors and represented one blade as the cognitive limitation of an individual and the other one as the structure of the environment. This example illustrated the process how the minds compensate for the limited resources by utilizing the known structural reliability of the environment. Simon pointed out that in most cases people are partly rational and mostly irrational in the rest part. He also states that the bounded rational agents experience several limits in solving and planning the comple x problems and also in processing the information. There are several dimensions that come along with the classic model of rationality that are more realistic than the real one, while sticking within the fair formalization; those are, limiting the utility function types, distinguishing the collecting and processing the information and the possibility of having the vector utility function (Tang, Huang Shang, 2015). In this model, Simon stated that the economic agents utilize the heuristics for making the decisions than any strict regulation of optimization. The agents are bound to act like this because of the complex situation and their incapability of processing, also work out the predictable utility of the alternate action. This gives rise to another theory of Simon in managerial decision making, Judgment Heuristics. Judgment Heuristics In the sphere of psychology, heuristics are considered as the simple rules that are often used by people in order to form the judgment or make significant decisions. These are considered to be the shortcuts in the mental level, which are involved to focus on a specific aspect of a complex problem ignoring the rest (Betsch Haberstroh, 2014). On the basis of the concept of bounded rationality by Simon, psychologists Tversky and Kahneman exhibited that there are three heuristics, which underlie the intuitive judgments. The three heuristics are representativeness, availability and anchoring and adjustment. The availability heuristic refers to the ease which brings the exact idea in the mind. If an individual estimates the frequency of the event based on the availability, the availability heuristics is used (Kappesser Williams, 2013). For instance, people overestimate the death in the dramatic events, whereas the usual deaths are not that much overestimated at all. This happens because people use the heuristics of availability and overestimate the less available one. The next heuristics, representativeness refers to the usage of categories, for instance at the time of deciding whether an individual is a good person or not. People categorize others on the basis of things with high representativeness (Harrison, Mason Smith, 2015). In addition to that, when people are categorizing based on the representative heuristics, the representative means two different things, the sample used for the comparison and also the relation between the sample and the thing they are categorizing. This heuristic is also an instance of the clarification that how people use cause and effect method in judgment and decision making. The third heuristics anchoring and adjustment refers to the heuristic used in several situations when people tend to estimate any number. According to the original definition of Tversky and Kahneman, this involve the start from the available number, which works a s the anchor and any kind of shift from this, up or down, reach the final answer. It has been seen in several experiments that the anchor value can be random and extreme as well, although it still contaminate the estimates (Glimcher Fehr, 2013). These heuristics along with many others impact on almost most of the decisions taken by an individual. Biases Several factors have a significant impact on the decision making such as biases. Bias can entirely change the final outcome of the decision, or it might influence the decision to some extent as well. Among the different kinds of biases, conformation bias is the tendency of interpreting or favoring the information in such a way that confirms the preexisted value of the individual, while they give less consideration to the other alternate possibilities (Heath et al. 2013). This is also a type of cognitive bias and people are seen to have this kind of bias while they try to gather selective information and interpret them in a biased way. Another kind of bias is anchoring bias, which refers to the general tendency of an individual of relying on the initially available information or the anchor (Toplak, West Stanovich, 2014). While making a decision, if the individual sets the anchor as the first information available to him, the other decisions are made by adjusting with the help of the anchor. For instance, if someone likes the first dress offered to him and sets it to be the final one on the mental level, he will get biased judging the other dresses offered to him. Conclusion In the light of the quote by Simon, it can be seen that there are several factors that can be responsible for the final decision and in a business organization it is highly effective. Making decision is a cognitive process and it results in selection of the course of action among many other alternative options. The above four concepts show that how a decision making can be influenced by several factors in the organization. The quote by Simon clearly shows how the decision making process can be influenced by the available time and the complexity of the issue. However, effective rational decision can result in profit in the organization. Reference List Betsch, T. Haberstroh, S. eds., (2014).The routines of decision making. Psychology Press. Chrisman, J.J., Memili, E. Misra, K., (2014). Nonfamily managers, family firms, and the winner's curse: The influence of noneconomic goals and bounded rationality.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(5), pp.1103-1127. Clarke, H.F., Horst, N.K. Roberts, A.C., (2015). Regional inactivations of primate ventral prefrontal cortex reveal two distinct mechanisms underlying negative bias in decision making.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,112(13), pp.4176-4181. Ford, R.C. Richardson, W.D., (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Glimcher, P.W. Fehr, E. eds., (2013).Neuroeconomics: Decision making and the brain. Academic Press. Harrison, R.T., Mason, C. Smith, D., (2015). Heuristics, learning and the business angel investment decision-making process.Entrepreneurship Regional Development,27(9-10), pp.527-554. Hasan, Y., Shamsuddin, A. Aziati, N., (2013). The impact of management information systems adoption in managerial decision making: A review.The International Scientific Journal of Management Information Systems,8(4), pp.010-017. Heath, L., Tindale, R.S., Edwards, J., Posavac, E.J., Bryant, F.B., Henderson-King, E., Suarez-Balcazar, Y. Myers, J. eds., (2013).Applications of heuristics and biases to social issues(Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. Kappesser, J. C Williams, A.C., (2013). Clinical judgement heuristics: Methods and models.European Journal of Pain,17(10), pp.1423-1424. Tang, T.Q., Huang, H.J. Shang, H.Y., (2015). Influences of the drivers bounded rationality on micro driving behavior, fuel consumption and emissions.Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,41, pp.423-432. Toplak, M.E., West, R.F. Stanovich, K.E., (2014). Rational thinking and cognitive sophistication: Development, cognitive abilities, and thinking dispositions.Developmental psychology,50(4), p.1037. Zsambok, C.E. Klein, G., (2014).Naturalistic decision making. Psychology Press.

The Tobacco Industry Essays - Tobacco, Cigarettes, Smoking

The Tobacco Industry The Tobacco Industry From the beginning of time, the Tobacco plant has had a prominent impact on the lives of those involved, those involved being absolutely everyone, for smoking and chewing tobacco affects both the users and those surrounding them. While years ago, tobacco was not so much of an industry, but actually just randomly used as gifts or a simple pleasure for oneself, it certainly has become one today. This industry has greatly evolved over the years to be now one of the most prominent industries in the United States. From its history to an in depth look at its economic side, much can be learned about the tobacco industry in general. The history of tobacco in the United States can be traced right back up until the discovery of the continent by Christopher Columbus. Within a week of his landfall, Columbus had noticed the natives' fondness for chewing the aromatic dried leaves or inhaling their smoke through a pipe. His sailors inevitably began taking part in this custom that the Indians had become so accustomed to. Even though Columbus scolded his men for sinking to the level of the savages, for he foreshadowed both the delight and danger that may have come from the plant, tobacco spread throughout the globe, and was eventually recognized as being one of the treasures of the New World, along with coffee, chocolate, and cane sugar. In the 1850s, Philip Morris, a London tobacconist, catered to English smokers who picked up smoking after trying French and Turkish cigarettes during the Crimean War. Once the 1900s rolled around, American Tobacco Co. founder Buck Duke managed a small group of lawyers, lobbyists, and oth ers who appealed to the pocketbooks of legislators being asked to crack down on cigarettes. Also during this time period, three members of the key Senate Finance Committee were found to have owned tobacco stock, including its chairman, Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island, who holds stock worth more than one million dollars. Four years later, when Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act, Senator Aldrich and other federal lawmakers did Buck Duke's bidding. Although no other ingested product is subject to heavier processing, more additives, or as many known or suspected toxins, tobacco was egregiously excluded from regulation. The industry has since argued that tobacco is neither a food nor a drug, and was thus properly exempted. In 1902, after succeeding McKinley as president, Theodore Roosevelt initiated more than forty anti-trust actions directed at, among others, Standard Oil, DuPont, Union Pacific, and the American Tobacco Co. Buck Duke testified in federal court, saying that every deal he ever made was intended not to destroy competition but only to round out his own company and to get out fair share of the trade. However, in 1911, the Supreme Court ruled against American Tobacco. American Tobacco thus broke up and the other components reassembled in smaller units. R.J. Reynolds emerged as the strongest competitor of these resulting companies. Duke, who became very morose and had begun drinking heavily, earned the high regard of posterity by turning to philanthropy. He endowed Trinity College with the money to become a university of nation rank when the school agreed to exchange its original name for his. In 1913, Camel introduced the first blended cigarette in the United States. Highly flavorful, the c igarette became an instant success. Later in 1916, American Tobacco followed with Lucky Strike, and the advertising battle began. For the next thirty years after that, tobacco companies lured customers with wildly false claims of health as well as social benefits from smoking. In the 1950s, three epidemiological studies demonstrated the exponential health risks associated with smoking, which ultimately led to the introduction of cigarette filters. In 1957, John Blatnick, a five term liberal representative from Minnesota, and a devoted smoker, led the subcommittee on government operations through hearings on the Federal Trade Commission's oversight of cigarette advertising. Blatnick become annoyed when the testimony revealed that the new filtered brands use stronger tobaccos, and so produce about as much tar and nicotine as the old unfiltered brands, a fact that had never before been noted in the industry's advertising. In the aftermath of these hearings, Blatnick

Narrative Form Essay Samples

Narrative Form Essay SamplesIt is no secret that you can find essay samples in a variety of formats. A variety of different individuals can have the same essay sample, but they are written in completely different ways. Most of the time, you can find a variety of essays in a variety of forms, and it is up to you to decide which one is best for your own personal situation.You should know that narrative form essay samples are very common. Many students have students do similar essays, and many times the form is very similar. If you are a writing teacher, or if you are a student yourself, you should be able to tell which essay samples are the same and which ones are dissimilar.As a case in point, suppose that you are reading a novel, and someone's character is doing something similar to something that you have done in a prior project, or in a generic form of work. For example, suppose that someone was teaching you how to play a game of chess, and you did not follow the rules properly. Th e teacher would be displeased with you, since you were unable to follow the rules that he wanted to be followed.If you were in the wrong position, and you failed to take the time to understand the rules of the game, you could be at risk for a great deal of harm. There are instances like this, and this is the exact scenario that the teacher would be experiencing in a court of law. In many cases, people who abuse power will be let off the hook, since they are too busy being defensive about their abuse.To better demonstrate what I am trying to say, consider some narrative form essay samples. Suppose that you were in a classroom, where someone was teaching a class, and you were getting quizzed on an essay on a large subject, where someone had written an essay on the same subject.If you were to ask someone about the specific assignment, they might respond by going into the details of the particular essay that you had written, giving a different perspective to the material that you had co vered. After all, a person who does well in an essay may be motivated to get the words out on their own, and if they write about a topic in a different light, it is likely that they will come across as very knowledgeable about that topic.The more details that you can get out of the assignment, the more informed that the essay that you wrote is. It is extremely important that you are able to provide your opinion to the professor, so that you can gain a grade. By allowing yourself to write about a specific topic, you will be providing details to the professor.If you are a college student, and you have fiction or literature projects, you need to understand that you are taking the time to research an essay, and you should feel proud when the assignment comes back from the professor. You should be able to effectively convey your point of view to the professor, and you should not allow your feelings to affect how you compose the essay.

How to Make the Ultimate Colored Smoke Bomb

How to Make the Ultimate Colored Smoke Bomb The classic smoke bomb is a great project for the home or lab, producing lots of safe smoke, with purple flames. If you get dye and consider the shape of your creation, you can make a smoke bomb that billows clouds of brightly-colored smoke. Adult supervision is required. Colored Smoke Bomb Materials 60 g (3 tablespoons) potassium nitrate (sold as saltpeter in garden supply shops)40 g (2 tablespoons) sugar1 teaspoon baking soda60 g (3 tablespoons) powdered organic dye (such as synthetic indigo or an aniline-based dye, found in some craft hobby shops; not common water-based dye)Cardboard tube (best is an iced push-pop tube (eat the treat first), or you could use a toilet paper roll or section of paper towel tube, or even a rolled/taped paper tube)Duct tapePen or pencilFirework fuse (hardware, rocketry, construction, or hobby shops, or scavenge it from a firework)Cotton ballsSaucepan Make the Colored Smoke Bomb Mixture Mix 60 g potassium nitrate with 40 g sugar in a saucepan over low heat. Its a 3:2 ratio, so if you dont have grams, use three large spoonfuls of potassium nitrate and two large spoonfuls of sugar (3 tablespoons and 2 tablespoons, if you feel the need to be precise).The sugar will carmelize and brown. Stir the mixture continuously until it resembles smooth peanut butter.Remove the mixture from heat.Stir in a spoonful of baking soda (a rounded teaspoon is fine). The baking soda is added to slow down the combustion when the smoke bomb is ignited.Add three large spoonfuls (3 tablespoons) of powdered organic dye. Blue dye and orange dye are said to produce better results than the other colors. Stir to mix well.Construct the smoke bomb while the mixture is still hot and pliable. Assemble the Smoke Bomb Fill a cardboard tube with the warm smoke bomb mixture.Push a pen or pencil down into the center of the mix (doesnt have to be all the way to the bottom but should be enough that the pen stands in the mixture). You could use a different shape, but the cylinder works really well.Let the mixture harden (about an hour).Remove the pen.Insert a firework fuse. Push pieces of cotton balls into the hole to tamp the fuse securely inside the smoke bomb. Be sure there is fuse left outside of the tube so that you will be able to light your smoke bomb.Wrap the smoke bomb with duct tape. Cover the top and bottom of the tube, too, but leave the hole area with the cotton and fuse uncovered.Go outside and light your smoke bomb! Tips for Success The key to producing vibrant colored smoke is using an appropriate dye. The color is produced by vaporizing a dye from the heat of the smoke bomb, not from burning a pigment, which always produces normal smoke.Getting a good display also depends on the geometry of the smoke bomb. When the dye is vaporized, the pressure from combustion forces it out to produce the smoke. There needs to be enough pressure inside the smoke bomb to push the smoke out, but not too much pressure or else it will burst. This is why cardboard and tape are used. You can control the opening for the smoke. The materials are strong enough to contain a certain level of force  but will rupture rather than explode if the pressure is too great. Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.