aztecs and incas essays

aztecs and incas papers The Inca and the Aztec were similar here and there yet additionally had huge contrasts. The Inca lived on the northeastern shore of South America from 1450 AD to 1535 AD. The Aztecs lived in focal Mexico from 1325 AD to 1523 AD. How about we take a gander at the agribusiness. The Inca had a propelled horticulture framework, which permitted them to develop more food and practice. They would cut strides out of a slope and afterward would plant vegetables, for example, corn, beans, and squash. These were called patios. They likewise had a propelled water system framework that comprised of waterways and streams to help water the porches. The Aztecs likewise had a progressed agrarian framework. They utilized skimming gardens called chinampas which were pontoons made of reeds which soil was put onto and afterward seeds were planted in it. Along these lines they could have more land for cultivating. We should take a gander at fighting. The Inca were not forceful individuals and infrequently battled wars. Generally they battled possibly to vanquish more terrains or in the event that they were compromised. You will peruse later how a common war cut the Inca domain down. The Aztecs were a warlike human advancement and were forceful. They battled frequently so they could take prisoners for penance. All Aztec men were required to battle at the lord's organization. At the point when they couldn't discover a reason for war they played a ball game called tlatchli in which the washouts of the game would be yielded. Presently we should take a gander at religion. The Incas religion was mind boggling and centered around the sun. The Inca had confidence in blood penance and symbols. Likewise they yielded dark llamas as contributions to the sun. Like the Inca, the Aztec religion centered around the sun. They put stock in human penance and that the sun would pass on the off chance that they didn't make a penance. Aztec clerics made the penances and were positioned high in the Aztec human progress. Presently how about we talk about government. The Inca government was an exacting government. The primary rulers were the lord and his nobles. The individuals' lives ... <!

Strategic audit of Asics Corporation Research Paper

Vital review of Asics Corporation - Research Paper Example It involves assessing a corporations’ execution estimated against its general corporate (and business) methodology. Organizations start vital reviews in circumstances where there is a divergence between its corporate presentation and its key corporate objectives. The corporate and business execution of a partnership is influenced by both inside and outer factors just as the exercises of contenders inside a similar industry. A vital review is a significant instrument for organization supervisors and sheets to pinpoint issues and obstacles forestalling the accomplishment of their corporate key plans. This paper will assess the corporate exhibition of Asics Corporation by evaluating the outside components, inward factors, the business it works in and its rivals. It will likewise reach determination and vital suggestions dependent on the investigation done. Writing survey Foundations can't release their corporate administration obligations adequately until the sheets concerned completely take responsibility for organizations’ procedure by leading intensive reviews much similarly that budgetary reviews are done (Rabate, 2007). Key reviews are along these lines basic devices for helping the board and sheets settle on capable and cool headed choices about the firm so as to accomplish its key plans. The exhibition of an association in accomplishing its corporate plans are influenced by both interior elements, for example, the executives, business systems and key choices for example on creation techniques. Outer elements that incorporate monetary, political, and ecological just as socioeconomics influence the company’s execution. In assessing inside elements, the age of the firm, its creation procedures and skills, technique, abilities and methodologies in showcasing and its administration will be the focal point of core interest. This will b e finished utilizing business devices of SWOT investigation and PESTEL examination. SWOT implies Strengths, Weaknesses, openings and Threats and assesses both the inner and outer condition wherein a firm works. SWOT uses an incorporated methodology in examining a firm and is one of the most valuable and broadly utilized apparatuses to assess an association sensibly, and if appropriately utilized is a significant vital arranging instrument (Ferrell and Hartline, 2008). Outer PESTEL then again represents Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal factors as they influence an association and this for the most part assesses a firms’ outside working condition (Lorat, 2005). Political elements influencing Asics Operating universally in various worlds of politics requires Asics to adjust and submit to business and corporate guidelines in nations it has nearness in like North America and Europe. These are regarding assessments to be paid and business guideli nes. Monetary variables influencing Asics Foreign trade changes incredibly influence Asics budgetary execution, for example in 2008, its second from last quarter execution was lower than anticipated because of huge swings in outside trade rates. This for example observed its offers falling by 15 percent (Hall, 2008). The worldwide budgetary emergency saw its 2010 income and income fall contrasted with 2009, following a three-year time of consistent ascent in incomes (â€Å"Financial Times†, 2012). Social factors The world’s populaces are starting to invest more prominent energy into their wellbeing and wellness,

Concept Of Public Administration Free Essays

The administration is set up to help and serve the individuals of its country. The essential focal point of the administration is to give, secure, and serve its residents. All together for the legislature to stay responsible and to be successful, the field of We will compose a custom paper test on Idea Of Public Administration or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now com/open organization and-the board points of interest and-disservices of-associations as far as improving-administration conveyance and-responsibility/open organization was made to give checks to the residents to ensure the legislature is being considered responsible. Open organization is characterized as † Public organization involves government workers actualizing a predetermined approach inside the bounds of an administration official structure. Open overseers guarantee that each aspect of government, state, and neighborhood open administrations are offered and executed to help make ready for what's to come. † The greatest test of being in open organization is ensuring that you are being considered responsible and making the right decision and not what is mainstream. Initial, one the greatest deterrent in open organization is authority and the board in this field. Ensuring that an open chairman is somebody who will make the wisest decision and reasonable is elusive. Not just that being an open overseer and satisfying everybody is about unthinkable because of the way that everybody needs various things and plans. Next, the significant capacities in publis organization are an open chairman must be reasonable, firm, and reliable. An open overseer must be reasonable in all cases and can't have top picks since this make unscrupulousness and lost trust. This can hamper the viability of the association all together. Next, an open manager must be firm. This implies a wide range of individuals are going to address and consider their choices that are made. The open manager must be positive about their choice and remain by them. Next, must permits stay responsible and moral. An open chairman can't back track or accuse another person if a choice they made turns out poorly. Next, an open executive must be predictable. On the off chance that they do one thing in a circumstance, at that point when comparative circumstance emerges they have to keep on acting in a similar manner as they originally did. Next, one of the beiggest hindrances with being in open organization is continually ensuring you are acting politically right in setting . This turns out to be exceptionally troublesome on the grounds that it appears there is consistently somebody who can get irritated by all that somebody says or does. This become dangerous when comes to managing open organization issues. Perhaps the greatest impediment is considering the legislature responsible and having intergovernmental connections. A great deal of open organization employments are utilized as in they consider legislators responsible for their occupations and the bills they pass. They are assume to ensure the legislature is carrying out their responsibility. † Government strategy investigators are liable for making program arrangement and afterward assessing its viability. Strategy examiners present appropriate choices with informational collections and theories in regards to the potential impacts of the proposed arrangement. Subsequently, they scrutinize the outcomes and afterward make modifications as per need. † Often times when the legislature doesn't satisfy the needs of the individuals, it is the open organization field that is considered responsible not the government official on why these moves were permitted to make place. The greatest difficulties is applying the intergovernmental relations which is the finding of that center ground of where the individuals are fulfilled that you are considering the legislature responsible and yet ensuring the government official is glad and doesn't wilt defund you or fire you since you were considering them excessively responsible. At long last, when taking a gander at open organization overall the greatest angle isn't to get excessively concerned and overpowered by the activity given too you. Hierarchical conduct assumes a significant job in settling on choices and figuring out how to conciliate people in general. At times open directors are so worried about discernment they neglect to return to the fundamentals and have a similar outlook as an individual. Being in open organization doesn't or ought not mean a lot of formality. It ought to be tied in with offering an assistance to the individuals and ensuring the individuals are given a voice. At times, the most straightforward arrangement is human relations and understanding that the appropriate responses are consistently before us we simply have recall that we are individuals as well and rules and guidelines don't make society work. At last, when managing spending plan restranits it isn't in every case simple to achieve the essential objectives. All in all, open organization is an exceptionally requesting activity with high dangers yet incredible prizes. When taking a gander at the most concerning issues with open organization plainly with numerous issues the most significant thing is to consistently be firm, reasonable, and predictable. By clinging to these standards it takes into consideration an individual serving the individuals to consistently stay responsible and not to push on the off chance that they settled on the correct choice. The most effective method to refer to Concept Of Public Administration, Papers

Knowledge in American History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information in American History - Term Paper Example These corrections were significant throughout the entire existence of African Americans and alongside the twentieth century Civil Rights development comprise the most vital periods as far as opportunity for African Americans. Indeed, even as the Constitution ensured rights to African Americans there was as yet a considerable measure of obstruction, especially on account of Southern states. This period saw the ascent of the Ku Klux Klan as a methods for abusing African Americans. The Klan would take part in demonstrations of fear based oppression, including house burnings and murder, as a methods for threatening African Americans. The Civil Rights Act of 1871 was set up to confine ethnic viciousness in light of the Ku Klux Klan development (Stevens, 2001). During this period ‘black codes’ were likewise established as a methods for endeavoring to mistreat the as of late liberated African Americans. These demonstrations were established by some Southern states as a methods for proceeding to limit the privileges of African Americans through controlling work, their entitlement to claim guns, or go about as members of the jury in preliminaries of white people. With the Civil Rights Act of 1866 these demonstrations were canceled (Stevens, 2001). With the additional command over work and the ample rural land in the Southern districts, African Americans started taking part in sharecropping exercises. Sharecropping happened ashore that was recently utilized as a manor. In these occasions, African Americans would lease little plots of land from the ranch proprietor to collect their own harvests. During this period there were likewise uncommonly high absence of education rates among African Americans, with a detailed 70% lack of education rate in the Southern states (Stevens, 2001). Accordingly, this period additionally saw the rise of a portion of the primary schools for dark... This research project generally centers around the time of American history, in which African Americans drove their battle for equity in social liberties, in information and openings. The analyst follows and analyzes the verifiable movement of African Americans all through five particular periods in American history crossing from 1865 through the current time. In the research paper, it’s clear that all through the times inspected by the analyst the United States experienced noteworthy verifiable advancement concerning the social and social situation of African Americans. Unit One analyzes the Reconstruction time frame and how African Americans battled to accomplish rights and thriving in the wake of the Civil War. Unit Two of this research paper follows this movement as Southern states endeavored to balance dark advancement through authorizing Jim Crow laws that would stay set up until the second 50% of the twentieth century. Unit Three investigates the proceeded with persecut ion of blacks through Jim Crow laws, just as the Great Migration wherein extraordinary measures of people moved north to get away from this mistreatment. The Great Migration comprised of the movement of more than 5,000,000 African Americans from the Southern to Northern States. Unit Four of the research paper looks at the considerable advancement made during the Civil Rights Movement. At long last, Unit Five analyzes this advancement as African Americans made gains in accomplishing political office and encountering work gains. President Kennedy and Martin Luther King were referenced in this part.

Information Security

Information Security An organization is a particular entity of people having a collective goal/purpose to be achieved over a targeted period of time. There are certain types of organizations that take various forms such as partnership business, individual, business or one which includes a hybrid organization. In that respect, a hybrid organization is one that operates both in public and private sectors at the same time. It incorporates voluntary associations, non-governmental organizations, among other types (Pieterse, Caniels, Homan, p. 818). What is common among all these types of organizations is they need to safeguard every piece of detail away from any unauthorized personnel. This practice of securing data, regardless of their form that may either be physical or electronic from individuals who are ineligible for its access is what is popularly termed as Information Security. In short form, it can be simply referred to as InfoSec. To that extent, InfoSec proves critical in the development confidence that will ensure that the management of functions of the business assures the stakeholders of the integrity of the data and processes that the firm carries out or operates. This paper will focus on matters information security based on a fictional company. Working as a consultant in a certain non-governmental organization based in the state of Illinois, there appears to be a need of safeguarding the intellectual property and data in this organization. Sandburg Youth Sports Association (SYSA) is the name of the organization where I work as the Information and Communication Technology consultant. My role consists of functions pertaining to ascertaining that the operations of the technological systems are smooth and functional. Moreover, I am meant to facilitate improvements as well as enhancement of process functions to ascertain the success of the operation of business functions. The company SYSA was founded in the year 1996 by one Mr. Timmy Christopher. I chose this specific entity because as a sportsman and having a deep interest in technology; it quenches my passion. At the same time, SYSA gives me the opportunity to give back to the community in terms of the skills I acquire through what I learn there. Description of the Organization Sandburg Youth Sports Association (SYSA) is one of the few non-governmental sports organizations in the United States whose central aim is to use sports and technology to broaden the socioeconomic gap in the community while also effecting enhanced use of technology as a weapon of change in the society. This organization serves mostly the youth in the state of Illinois but is not limited to this state alone, but is also open to the rest of the members of the surrounding publics and the United States as a whole. To that extent, SYSA is an organization that is dedicated to the development of the community through the championing of sports activities. In that esteem, the SYSA is an organization that empowers members of the community towards the achievement of their goals and aspirations. It is a sure way of ensuring that the community members are mobilized effectively to enhance their effective management of sports talents. For that reason, I am proud to be associated with SYSA especiall y based on the fact that I am tasked with the responsibility of handling its technical functions. The organization comprises mostly of volunteers who offer their time and services in return for knowledge and skills that they acquire from experts based on the firm. However, some sections of the organization comprise of fully employed personnel who play the most significant part in running the organization. In total, there is an estimate of about 20 highly qualified employees and another 30 volunteers, including myself, who are dedicated to ensuring that the operations of the business are successful. Together, the various individuals work alongside each other to facilitate the success of the initiatives put forward by the firm’s objectives. The company ensures that staff members work cohesively to meet the objectives of the organization effectively. In my capacity, I ensure that the technical systems are well maintained to ensure that the functionality is effective and that all technical processes are operational. Structure of the Organization SYSA is run by highly self-motivated individuals and operates on a Matrix management method whereby each department consists of two or three bosses who are well-trained experts and are assisted by other volunteers whose work is to ensure that everything runs in order as per the objectives of the organization (Galvin, p. 5). The SYSA headquarters located in Illinois is supported by ten other zones in the same state. Inside the gated headquarters, there are offices which facilitate the running of the organization at large. Other structures include a payable gym service which is open not only to the staff, but also to members of the community and a fully stocked and functional library. The main task handled by the Executive Director of this organization is to oversee all the day to day programs and offer directives whenever called upon to. Second to the Executive Director is the Human Resource Manager whose responsibility is to maintain and enhance human resource programs, policies, and practices. The other departments i.e. the Library and the Gym are manned by two overall managers who have volunteers under them to assist in their work. Regulatory requirements. In its aim of providing opportunities to the youth through sports and technology, SYSA is fully aware of the regulatory compliances they are supposed to adopt in its structure. The services and daily activities carried out within the SYSA headquarters are ISO certified and meet the International Standards. In the United States of America, any reported case of breaking the laws and regulations of the organization attracts a criminal or civil penalty. Risks. As stated above, the SYSA organization deals with various data mostly in the gym, the library and the other 10 zones involved. This data may be financed in terms of money payable in the gym or library fines, statistical data in the library or even the zonal information from the SYSA organization came into existence. With all this in mind, there is the need to protect and safeguard the physical and electronic information fed in the organization. Some of the potential risks facing the organization’s information may come through manipulation of the zone data in ones’ own selfish interest. One may also try to hack into the gym department’s system and edit their financial statements in their favor or even clear the debts illegally. Hence, there is a need to put measures in place to avoid and prevent any potential loss to the organization. Threats to Information Security may appear in many forms. The most common threat of all is cybercrime and software attacks. Sabotage and information extortion are also similar avenues of Information Insecurity. A few examples of software malfunctions are observed when the system is attacked by viruses, Trojan horses and phishing attacks, among others. With technology advancing in every dimension every passing day, it is common to hear of organizations’ systems being hacked and money laundering happening now and then. This requires every organization to step up to the task in order to combat these petty crimes which cause organizations millions of shillings. These threats, however, need to be mitigated by setting up countermeasures and safeguards so as to eliminate and block threats. Policies on the Deliverables In normal practice, every organization is mandated with the task of providing reasonable policies which will go a long way in ensuring that rules and regulations are followed to the letter, and any discrepancies in the stated laws are punishable. As the consultant of SYSA, I saw it appropriate to come up with a number of policies, according to law, whose aim is to ensure that the objectives of the organization are protected, and any case of unexpected incidences are tackled. The other influence of policy making is the ideology of the company where the values and beliefs of the organization are held in high esteem. It is hoped that any action contrary to the following stated policies is punishable according to law. Website Private Policy. This is a simple document that discloses how the visitor’s information will be used in the SYSA website. Members will access the gym services will be required to open a portal which they will use in registering their membership. All payments will be made through this site, and members will be made to know that the SYSA systems are fully encrypted. This is aimed to instill confidence in our website visitors and let them know that any information provided either in the gym or library services is secured and that the organization will be responsible for any eventualities. Privacy Policy. This is a legal statement/document which fulfills the legal duty that an organization is supposed to protect a client’s privacy. As the consultant employed by SYSA, I will make it clear to the visitors what the organization intends to do with the information they feed into our system. I would come up with a Protected Personal Data (PDD) which will include electronic data or any hard copy information of members. In this Privacy Policy, I would let the customers know that they should report any suspicious incidents about their confidential data to the relevant authority. When it comes to their financial information, I will install the Kali Linux software which guarantees security for information so that customers will not have to worry about their finances. Breach Notification Policy. In the case of any breach of zonal information, clients’ financial information or interferences with records in the library, SYSA will investigate and notify the individuals affected by any information security breaches. The system of the organization will be updated to the extent that any tampering of the system can be detected and an amicable solution generated before any major damage happens. The Executive Director must be notified with immediate effect any news of breaching through the appropriate channels so that action can be taken. This Breach Notification Policy is aimed to ensure that stored Protected Personal Data (PDD) is not lost, stolen or in any way compromised. In the unseen event that the PDD is interfered with, the policy would recommend immediate disclosure until the issue is resolved. Moreover, major incidents of breaching such as that of Personal Identity Information (PII) are treated exclusively and may attract heavier penalties . The state government will also be notified of this breach, especially when the financial information of the members is in question. Since prevention is better than cure, I would install a Compliance Software on all the systems in the organization. When this software is implemented, it will help the organization manage its compliance data in a more simplified and efficient way (Johnson, p. 311). Incident Response Policy. In the incident that the security of SYSA has been compromised/ breached, the following Incident Response Policy will be put into effect. After reporting the breaching incident to the state government, an abrupt investigation will be carried out on the potential customers affected. The main aim is to manage the situation in a way that ensures the damage is limited at the same time minimizing the recovery time and any costs whatsoever. Computers affected and infected with unwanted malware should be scanned, and the issue put on notice to all the customers. Any security incident will be handled with immense care based on the severity of the damage. Disaster Recovery Policy. There may be lapses in the security systems of SYSA. In the case of the system infrastructure failure, an initial risk assessment will be performed to evaluate any possible vulnerabilities. The company personnel are put in charge of the ICT department will set up facilities to ensure backup storage of data. I would also open cloud storage of data on the internet so that in the event of system failure, there is always a backup mechanism available. The organization will be entirely responsible for any losses of financial and other belongings of customers and will work hand in hand with the Insurance Companies to compensate the affected victims. Outsourcing will also be considered as a viable option in the management of these threats that affect the software on the organization’s system. The organization will do everything possible so that the recovery time is minimized so that the operations of the firm return to normality as soon as possible. This poli cy which has a repeated lifecycle is aimed to provide a systematic plan to manage, implement, maintain and recover any lost resources and data. Information Security Policy. In a bid to come up with an InfoSec policy, I would create one which protects confidential information about the clients’ details to avoid any possible harm. The organization is in no sole position to secure all information belonging to clients; therefore, SYSA will work in togetherness with the customers and ensure they are familiar with current relevant policies and state regulations. SYSA will make sure to provide a very secure database system and a comfortable work environment for the employed staff, volunteers, and all the other authorized personnel. For SYSA to deliver quality services to their customers, it will make sure all users understand what is required of them in the bid of protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information they provide to the organization. SYSA will also respond to feedback as soon as possible and always improve on the possible areas of system lapses. Risk assessment is a crucial part of Information Security policy as it seeks to research on the vulnerable parts of an organization where information may be handled inappropriately. The process of risk management includes identification and estimation of the value of assets in the organization. Evaluate the potential impact that each thread will have to the assets and data of the organization. Finally, accept the risk and put up control measures to control and mitigate the risks. Terms of Use of Agreement or otherwise stated rules that one must abide by so as to use services used by an organization, in this case, SYSA. I would advise every member of the community to read this document carefully before putting pen to paper. This piece of information acts as a disclaimer such that one knows the rules and conditions to be followed through (Simitian, p. 1018). In the SYSA system, I would put an age limit of 18years since they are considered adults and would be entirely responsible for any actions. Every member should be responsible for their login details. If one does not accept the terms and conditions stated on the website of SYSA, they will not be eligible to receive the services offered by the organization. These Terms of use will be further deployed by use of the clickwrap agreement so that the user will first agree to the terms and conditions of the Sandburg Youth Sports Association before accessing the services. This acts as a manifestation of the agreeme nt. All that Information Security seeks to achieve is to preserve confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the customers’ information at the same time preventing unauthorized access to information entrusted to the organization by the client.

What Is Government, Free Essay Sample

What Is Government The government and the constitution According to Aristotle, a constitution guides the government activities when it comes to the ruling its people.   The constitution is a reference guide containing the people will. The constitution greatly determines the type of government.   A constitution is a precursor to the government; the government is only the creator of a constitution. The constitution contains the legislative requirement that protects its citizens.   The constitution of a country is not an act of the government leader, but of those that they represent. The Constitution is important because it is a body of an element where the government makes references based on the quotes in the various articles. The constitution contains the principles upon which the government needs to organize its power. The economic role of the government Government plays a fundamental role not only in governing people, but also facilitates development processes. Economic development is determined by market forces, including market rules and operating procedures. The government plays a major role in the economy because it facilitates the process to ensure a smooth transfer of goods and services. For example, the government has the mandate to its people to fund and develop proper infrastructure through taxation. Types of government The government can take different forms; historically Aristotle provides six classifications of government, which he further classifies, them as three normal types of government and three pervasive types of government. The three standard types of government include the monarchy where one person, aristocracy where a few people are in charge of   Ã‚  running the government and polity government where people are ruled by the majority.   Oligarchy is a type of government rules by a few individual while theocracy is a government ruled by God, this means the type of government ruled by a religious individual. Dictatorship is a type of government where people do not have the power instead; they are ruled by force often through the military. A democratic government Aristotle argues that a democratic government can be the worst form of government, but if handled well, citizens could greatly benefit. Democracy is   Ã‚  the opposite of other forms of government.   Today, most of the world attention is on democratic governance. The US is an example of a democratic government where citizens have the freedom of choice and of expression. Freedom means individual rights being protected. Democracy is founded on the principle of autonomy whereby the ultimate power lies with the citizens. The main principle of democracy is that, every citizen has equal rights and privileges. In a democratic government, the majority rule is their principle; this means that what is expressed by citizens through voting or their elected leader’s needs to be adopted. Democracy is developed based on the principle of cultural values and equality and liberty. All these principles are yet to be achieved.   It is not easy for the government to ensure that citizens exercise their rights, not many people in charge of running the government are democratic. That is why a perfect democracy is not easy to achieve. The difficulty in achieving perfect democracy was echoed by Sir Winston Churchill when he stated that no one could pretend that democracy is perfect, for him democracy is one of the worst forms of government because it requires a lot of consideration. Winston Churchill stated, â€Å"Perfect form of government compared to any other form of government produces even less desirable results than democracy†. Despite all the sentiments about democracy, looking at America today, you can say that there is no form of government has been able to regulate public affairs better than a democratic form of government.

Lean Body Mass in Children with Asthma Controlled by Steroid Therapy A Cross-Sectional Study - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 678 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Asthma Essay Did you like this example? Childhood asthma is markedly increasing in developing countries. The first line of management according to national asthma guidelines is inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Accurate body composition analysis with persisted asthma controlled by steroid therapy is essential at childhood, as the potential effects of the long-term treatment are still a matter of concern. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Lean Body Mass in Children with Asthma Controlled by Steroid Therapy A Cross-Sectional Study" essay for you Create order Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the total and segmental body composition especially the lean body mass in Egyptian children with asthma receiving inhaled steroid therapy. Methods: Lean body mass was measured by the gold standard, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in a cross-section study of 130 Egyptian pre-pubertal school-aged children (4-12 years); 50 asthmatic children with long-term steroid therapy (for two years) and results were compared with lean body mass values of 50 healthy children. Also, 30 asthmatic children with short-term steroid therapy (less than 6 months) were examined to rule of the duration therapy effect. Results: Asthmatic children received long-term steroid therapy had significantly higher chest lean mass than healthy children, which had highly significant association with weight, height, body mass index (BMI), total lean mass and total fat mass. However, no statistical significance is detected with short-term steroid therapy. Also, there is no significant sex difference. Conclusion: The lean chest mass is increased in children with asthma controlled by long-term steroid therapy, evaluation of those children using DEXA provides an accurate analysis of both total and segmental body composition. Keywords: lean body mass, DEXA, asthma, steroids Introduction Childhood asthma is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of lung [1, 2]. It is characterized by inflammation of airway with episodes of coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath [3]. Proper diagnosis of asthma is essential for the management; to detect accurate treatment and its dose [4]. Asthma cannot be cured, but it can be controlled by medications to reduce symptoms during acute attacks [5]. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are used as long-term controllers to reduce asthma-related morbidity and mortality and improve quality of life. National guidelines recommend corticosteroid therapy as a standard treatment for long-term control of childhood a sthma [6, 7]. Hence, the effects of long-term ICS therapy on asthmatic children must be clearly defined. Analysis of body composition is essential for clinical and research settings [8]. The majority of studies on asthma had concentrated on obesity and used body mass index (BMI) as a fat indicator, its results reflect limitation to predict body fatness and health risks in children; BMI cannot differentiate between muscle and fat mass as well as bone mineral content (BMC), also it cannot measure fat distribution but only indicate fatness in the whole body [9-12]. Alternatively, measurement of body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) provides an accurate assessment of the tissue level [8]. Careful consideration of the body composition changes and differentiation between fat and lean body mass may be an important factor in examining the lung functions in asthmatic children [13, 14]. The aim of this study was to assess the total and segmental body composition especially the lean body mass in Egyptian children with asthma receiving inhaled steroid therapy. Cross section data were collected and reported in this manuscript. Results The present study includes three groups: children with asthma controlled by long-term steroid therapy (32 males and 18 females), healthy children (26 males and 24 females) and children with asthma used short-term steroid therapy (9 males and 21 females). Their mean age of both groups is 8.5 ? ± 3.0 SD. Regarding the frequency distribution of BMI; the asthmatic group of long-term steroid therapy included (42 of normal weight and 8 overweight and obese), while the asthmatic group of short-term steroid therapy included (24 of normal weight and 6 overweight and obese) and the healthy group included (43 normal weight and 7 overweight and obese). The means and standard deviations (SD) of the anthropometric measurements and significant body co mpositions values (lean mass and fat mass) of asthmatic with long-term steroid therapy and the healthy group showed in (Table 1), while between asthmatic with long-term versus short-term steroid therapy shown in (Table 2). These data indicated that weight and BMI were significantly higher in asthmatic patients with long-term steroid therapy compared to healthy group. Therefore, the chest lean mass had significantly higher in the asthmatic group with long-term steroid therapy (P 0.008) comparing to the healthy group, however no statistically significant was detected with short-term steroid therapy. The fat mass had no statistically significant between groups. Also, a comparison between asthmatic with short-term steroid therapy and the healthy group was done with no statistically significant detected. In spite of the absence of significant sex difference, we conducted several additional analyses to find the association between body composition (lean mass especially chest and fat mass) with each other as well as with anthropometric measurements that shown in Table (3), using Pearson's correlations. These data indicated that lean chest, total lean and total fat masses had highly association with weight, height, BMI as well as with each other. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (p-value). Discussion Asthma and obesity represent serious complex chronic health conditions with high prevalence that have been studied in many studies and systematic reviews, reported a significant association between them [16-19]. Obesity considers a significant risk factor of asthma as more frequent symptoms with severe exacerbations could be detected in obsessing child, reduced response to medications as well [20- 25]. The excess fat and lean masses increasing risk of asthma [5]. Careful consideration of the body composition changes during growth and development of a child is essential for prediction of obesity and other health risks latterly in life. Although body mass index (BMI) is used as a fat indicator at many studies, although its limitation to predict body composition and health risks in children; as BMI cannot differentiate between lean and fat masses as well as bone mineral content (BMC), also it cannot measure fat distribut ion but only indicate fatness in the whole body [10-13]. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is used to analyze body composition based on a three-compartment model; fat mass, lean mass and the bone mass. Every compartment has a unique density and attenuates different energy beams; allowing an accurate quantification of each tissue with a convenient analysis of the whole and segmental body composition [14, 26]. Differences of body composition are detected among sex (males and females) at all ages; the included children in this study were selected in a pre-pubertal school-age period to avoid the obvious differences in body composition which emerge at adolescence with greater fat mass within females, while lean mass more prominent within males [27]. Few studies assessed the lean mass; total and regional distribution in children [14, 28, 29]. Some researches indicated the importance of studying thoracic adiposity in asthmatic adults [10, 24]. In this study, the lean chest mass withi n Egyptian asthmatic children was increased, who received long-term inhaled corticosteroids therapy, as steroids had anabolic action on protein metabolism by increasing synthesis and inhibition of breakdown, causing muscle growth. Moreover, the present study revealed a highly positive association between lean mass with weight, height and BMI, this agrees with Granell et al., (2014) that found the increased lean mass and fat mass in high risk asthma in mid-childhood, which persisted to age 15 years in birth cohort study [5]. Jensen et al., in (2014) have assessed the association between lean mass in obese Australia children aged (8-17 years) by DEXA. It was suggested that lean mass may be more important than fat mass in relation to the respiratory function of asthmatic children [14]. Findings of this study showed no significant difference in the fat mass between healthy and asthmatic children received short or long-term inhaled steroid therapy. Consistent results were found in a previous study concluded that short-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroids does not provoke growth alteration and fat accumulation [30]. Studies on obesity with respiratory disorders reported that in addition to the amount of fat m ass is contributing to impaired pulmonary function; fat distribution plays a role as well [22]. Abdominal fat was increased with decreased respiratory functions in asthmatic children [31, 32]. Therefore, it was suggested that children with long-term therapy of asthma accumulate more adipose tissue on the trunk [33, 34]. In conclusion, this cross-sectional study is based on an accurate body composition analysis by (DEXA) that allowing the evaluation of total and segmental body composition in relation to the duration of steroid therapy. The lean chest mass is increased in asthmatic children controlled by long-term steroid therapy. Conflict of interest No conflict of interest associated with this manuscript. Acknowledgments Authors are grateful to all children participated in this study and their parents.