Essay about Influences of the Revolutionary Era - 1587 Words

Influences of the Revolutionary Era Throughout history, there have been people that have had a tremendous effect on America. During the revolutionary era, certain individuals had an enormous presence which would heavily influence the future of the United States. Whether in politics, religion, or another fashion, the United States has been molded by the actions of numerous individuals of the past. Three highly influential individuals of seventeenth century America were Abigail Adams, the second first lady of United States; Benjamin Franklin, an innovator and political powerhouse; and Olaudah Equiano, a slave that acquired his freedom and went on to write an autobiography of his journey. Abigail Adams â€Å"Abigail Adams became one of the†¦show more content†¦25); her letters also discuss her concerns regarding the war and the establishment of a new government, â€Å"If we separate from Britain, what code of laws will be established? How shall we be governed, so as to retain our liberties?† (Adams, 1775, pg. 81). Through her correspondence, she also served as an adviser to John often providing him with suggestions regarding politics. As an advocate of women’s rights, she wrote to her husband requesting that he â€Å"remember the ladies† during his discussions with Congress. Having been unable to obtain an education herself, she felt that everyone, women and blacks included, should have the same rights to an education as all men. In another letter, she wrote of an incident where a young black servant had asked to attend evening school but she soon received a complaint about his presence there. Her response to the complaint was written in a letter to John: This Mr. Faxon is attacking the principle of Liberty and equality upon the only Ground upon which it ought to be supported, an equality of Rights. The Boy is a Freeman as much as any of the young Men, and merely because his Face is Black, is he to be denied instruction? (Adams, 1797, para. 4) Her letters offer a glimpse into her life during a time when the future of America was uncertain. Though personal in nature her letters also provideShow MoreRelatedAlexander Hamilton Vs. Thomas Jefferson887 Words   |  4 PagesHamilton vs. Jefferson During the Revolutionary- Federalist Era, politics, parties, programs, policies, and people made an enormous difference in how the new nation should be structured and run. During this era, two men in particular championed politics and their respective parties. These two men were Alexander Hamilton, a Federalist, and Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican. Both Hamilton and Jefferson were successful college educated intellectuals and politicians who made significant contributionsRead MoreHow Revolutionaries Consolidated their Political Power in France During The French Revolution1096 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluate the view that revolutionaries consolidated power: Introduction Following the French Revolution, the National Convention and Robespierre as the head of the Committee of Public Safety, employed drastic measures to achieve their goals, however managed to successfully consolidate power as demonstrated by the overall success of the revolution. Whilst the revolution itself was a momentous undertaking, nothing was quite as dramatic as the execution of King Louis XVI that was orchestrated by theRead MoreThe American Revolution: A True Revolution Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pageswhich we still conduct our political lives† (Kerber 25) to emphasize the enormous impact that the revolutionaries had on contemporary American society. These questions and structures however do not only pertain to America’s political system and ideals; they also greatly changed American social standards and practices throughout the years directly preceding and following the revolution. This era was pivotal to the establishment of many new governmental principles- some ingenious, and others somewhatRead MoreCompare and contrast Alexander II and Alexander III Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesin dealing with revolutionaries; and in his foreign policy than his son Alex III would ever be. 1855 was a tough time for Alexander II to take the throne. Russia was in the middle of a costly war which they were losing, liberals were pushing hard for reform, and nobles were in fear of losing their power. On the home front, people were looking for change, and Alexander was their best hope. In 1856, when the Treaty of Paris was signed, he gave a speech promising Russians a new era of peace. To theRead MoreThe Revolutionary Style Of Art1555 Words   |  7 Pageswould reject the preceding art elements completely. The artist would reshape some of the former art elements and work to develop them in order to reflect the era change constantly. The era change continuously, but the subject matter in all these art movements have a similar content. The subject matter we choose to talk about is the revolutionary style in these movement and how the artist in that art manner present his ideas about the revolution in his time. Neo Classicism The Neoclassical artRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press1633 Words   |  7 Pagessources such as printed media, journals, letters and various notarized documents. Printed documents are a timeless form of communication with an immeasurable influenced, capable of reaching masses. How has print evolve into this powerful tool of influence and communication in America? To answer the question we must look to Europe and trace the origins of the technology that revolutionized printed materials, the Printing Press. Johannes Gutenberge in Mainz, Germany created the printing press betweenRead MoreCritical Commentary of Frantz Fanon925 Words   |  4 Pagesand asking how Fanon, the revolutionary, would think and act in the period of retrogression.† A complete study of 1968 and its legacies in Europe can not solely deal with events that occurred on the continent. 1968 was, in fact, a â€Å"global phenomenon†; with ideas perpetrated in Europe reaching as far as Mexico, China, and India, but to name a few . The beginning of this mutualistic relationship between â€Å"New Left† groups on different continents (which spawned the revolutionary feeling which would resultRead MoreAnalysis Of Revolutionary Mothers1693 Words   |  7 Pages Revolutionary Mothers Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence. By Carol Berkin. 2005. P. 194. As we study the Revolutionary War we tend to think of the men that revolted, fought, and petitioned, but have we ever thought about what the women did during the war? In Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence, we get a chance to see the women’s side of the war and what they did during this troubling time. Carol Berkin shows us what each raceRead MoreDemocracy : The People, The Founders, And The Troubled Ending Of The American Revolution918 Words   |  4 Pageseighteenth century by focusing on Revolutionary Pennsylvania throughout his work. Bouton offers an innovative and controversial perspective to history scholars and amateur historians by arguing that the majority of Pennsylvania’s ordinary white male citizens were disillusioned by the version of democracy that transpired from the American Revolution. Bouton further asserts that the origins of non-elitist disillusionment began in 1776 when Pennsylvania’s revolutionarie s waged a successful counter revolutionRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1255 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout human history, tyranny and oppression have fueled the revolutionary reconstitution of society. The French revolutionary motto, â€Å"liberty, equality, fraternity† can be applied in part to every rebellion in history. With these principles at heart, it only seems logical that human society should become utopian. Despite the principles, the French revolution paved the way for the autocratic rule of Napoleon. History repeats itself; George Orwell’s Animal Farm follows the rise of Animalism which

Isolation of Caffeine from Tea Leaves - 1831 Words

Isolation of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Introduction Caffeine is a member of the class of compounds organic chemists call alkaloids. Alkaloids are nitrogencontaining basic compounds that are found in plants. They usually taste bitter and often are physiologically active in humans. The names of some of these compounds are familiar to you even if the structures aren’t: nicotine, morphine, strychnine, and cocaine. The role or roles these compounds play in the life of the plants in which they are found is not well understood. In some cases they may act as pesticides; nicotine is found in tobacco and has been sprayed onto other plants, in which it is not found, to function as an insecticide. The structure of caffeine is shown to the right. It†¦show more content†¦Detergents and soap are surfactants. It is the purpose of surfactants to cause materials that do not dissolve in water (like oil, grease and dichloromethane) to form an emulsion with water. We want to be able to separate the aqueous phase from the dichl oromethane phase, so the last thing we want is an emulsion of the two. Consequently, as you extract the caffeine from the water into the dichloromethane do not shake the separatory funnel vigorously. The flow diagram below summarizes the extraction portion of the experiment. insoluble material: cellulose, etc. tea leaves hot water solids aqueous tannin salts, water-soluble aqueous phase water-soluble material: Na 2CO3 mainly tannins, caffeine caffeine dichloromethane phase ArO- Na + + Na + HCO3tannin salts -soluble in water, insoluble in dichloromethane ArOH + Na +2CO3-2 tannins -soluble in water, dichloromethane Experiment #6 Procedure Isolation of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Page 3 1. Open two tea bags by removing the staple, trying to not tear the paper. Weigh the total contents to the nearest milligram and record this weight. Place the tea back into the bags and staple the bags shut. 2. Place the tea bags into the bottom of a clean, but not necessarily dry, 150 ml beaker. Add 30 ml of deionized water and 2.0 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate. Place the beaker on a wire gauze supported by a ring on a ringShow MoreRelatedCaffeine Lab Report769 Words   |  4 PagesIsolation of a Natural product, in the experiment caffeine [C8H10N4O2], is based on a series of procedures. Firstly, it is important to examine the structure of caffeine which is an alkaloid. Typically alkaloids are nitrogen based and found in plants, caffeine itself is composed of a purine ring with functional groups of a amide, amine and alkene respectively. Furthermore, Caffeine includeds a lone pair on the nitrogen atom asserting several functional properties(Zhao et al. 206). Under examinationRead MoreUsing Solid Liquid Extraction Of Caffeine From Tea Leaves867 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this experiment was to use solid-liquid extraction to isolate a crude sample of caffeine from tea leaves and then subsequently purify the isolated sample via sublimation. The two solvents used in the extraction were water and dichloromethane. In addition to caffeine, tea leaves also contain other compounds that must be dealt with including cellulose, proteins/pigments, tannins, and saponins. Cellulose is not soluble in water as a result of its high molecular weight and thereby doesRead MoreIntoxication for Breakfast, and Isolation for Dinner.2947 Words   |  12 Pagesintoxication; it’s part of our nature. For instance, through childhood, sugar is a great way to obtain some sort of intoxication. Some activities could alter our consciousness as well. The thrill experienced riding a roller coaster, or simply running away from our parents whenever we did something inappropriat e. Through adulthood, the game of intoxication is definitely elevated because of the vast array of options available. A few adults attain to experiment almost every possible way of intoxication. AdolescenceRead MoreThe Ethics Of Labor Organization1428 Words   |  6 PagesCaroline Hahn April 8, 2015 ANT 302 Ece Saltan Tea Production: The Ethics of Labor Organization in Assam and the Tea-Producing World Americans, and the rest of the Western world, for that matter, often eat and drink—and really, perform daily activities—without thinking about where their products come from. Hundreds of millions of Americans drink a beverage every morning, but there is a certain tendency to overlook why and how the tea or coffee got in their cup. It is common for those who liveRead MoreTea Beverage (Jamaica Cherry)7403 Words   |  30 Pageshttp://www.rollybrook.com/carnitas-3.htm Compositional and Sensory Evaluation of Jamaican Cherry (Muntingia calabura) Leaf Tea Substitute A Thesis Presented to the Department of Food Technology College of Education University of Santo Tomas In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Food Technology Janerica C. Camacho Gracia Remedios Veronica V. Em Amy M. Tolentino Kristine U. Villaruel Dyann Aissa B. Yu March 2011 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL Read MoreBrand Audit Examples10459 Words   |  42 Pagesintroducing an upscale line extension, Aaker (1997) suggested three guidelines: 1 to make the vertical leap reasonable by positioning the sub-brand at the lower end of the premium category; 2 to differentiate the upscale entry by making it distinct from the mainstream brand; and 3 to redefine success by assigning the upscale sub-brand a â€Å"silver bullet† role. Proposition 3 is thus: P3. The upscale line extension should play the role of a â€Å"silver bullet† when it is positioned against the core Read MoreWhat Is Stress7162 Words   |  29 Pagescauses of stress, how stress affects you, the difference between good or positive stress and bad or negative stress, and some common facts about how stress affects people today. What Causes Stress? Many different things can cause stress -- from physical (such as fear of something dangerous) to emotional (such as worry over your family or job.) Identifying what may be causing you stress is often the first step in learning how to better deal with your stress. Some of the most common sourcesRead MorePsych Exam Chapter 1216262 Words   |  66 Pagesadjust his or her behavior or lifestyle would cause stress. 13. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS): A) measures acculturative stress. 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How effectively does Pavel Ivanov use language to persuade his/her audience Free Essays

The film review about the movie ‘I now pronounce you Chuck ; Larry’ written by Pavel Ivanov is well suited to its audience who the writer describes as the ‘Adam Sandler crowd’, although Ivanov does indicate that audiences who get pleasure from comical films, would probably enjoy the blatant crude humour in this movie for example the ‘dropped soap in the shower routine’ Ivanov’s implied meaning is that those who’d laugh at this type of humour have no taste and lack intelligence, as this ‘type of humour’ has intentionally been put into the movie as it is the ‘most lucid strategy’ to win over audiences One of the purposes of the review is to denigrate the movie as an unintelligent film for those who are dim-witted, as it is full of ‘primitive weaponry of toilet humour’ and ‘gay-clichi jokes’, but at the same time Ivanov maintains a neutral stance by complimenting the movie on some of its achievements ‘subverts the gambit of any other ‘serious’ gay movie’. The lexis used in the review is overall formal, with some elements of colloquialism such as ‘the icing on the cake’. You can read also We will write a custom essay sample on How effectively does Pavel Ivanov use language to persuade his/her audience? or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/audience-adaptation-paper/"Audience Adaptation Paper He uses such conversational style lexis to amuse and engage his audience. Ivanov establishes himself with the first person singular pronoun ‘I’ to identify with readers as someone who has seen the movie thus immediately capturing the readers’ interest and trust. He directly addresses his readers by using the second person singular pronoun ‘you’ Ivanov uses this device to draw in his readers in to the review as well as deliver a personal message to them about the film. The writer applies a subordinate clause to give additional information about the movie to the audience. By combining the sentence with a relative clause, Ivanov’s text becomes more fluent to readers. ‘Interesting thing this movie does is that while staying within the constraints of a broad comedy, it subverts the typical gambit of any other serious gay film’ this is also a compound sentence as it adds detail of the movie and gives it a justification it also gives it a rationale, and makes a simple sentence more compelling and informative. He describes his disbelief in the plot of the movie by using a comparative sentence ‘instead of seeing a homosexual feigning happiness in a straight marriage’ he then adds supplementary information about the movie he’s writing about (‘think, the hours or normal’) here Ivanov displays his skepticism as to why someone would want to watch a movie with such a bizarre plot ‘straight men come from a bastion of heroic manliness- the New York fire fighting service’ this is ironic as you expect straight men to be fire fighters. Ivanov uses double modifiers to describe a famous actor in the movie as ‘bizarrely bankable’ by using the lexis ‘bizarrely’ Ivanov expresses to his audiences his disbelief in why this actor is so ‘bankable’ although Ivanov could also be amazed about the actors performance that not only can he do funny and serious but that he can do the two simultaneously in the movie as he addresses a serious message to the audience that ‘bias is bad’ and still keep it comic. In the opening paragraph Ivanov uses the adjective ‘energetic’ and follows it up with the post-modifier ‘crassness’ Ivanov’s constant emphasis on the vulgarity of the movie, leads the readers to consider whether they would watch such an offensive film at all, thus reinforcing Ivanov’s earlier point that the movie is not worth watching as it is aimed at unintelligent audiences, and that the only basis one should watch the movie ought to be for ‘academic interest’. Ivanov describes a ridiculous scene in the movie ‘a three legged hippo doing ballet’ his implication being that such strange humour is not only typical but it is what has made him a household name in comedies ‘still an Adam Sandler movie’ The text contains lots of exophoric references (‘Big daddy, happy Gilmore’) which have been put in parenthesis to add supplementary information. â€Å"Larry (Kevin James)† parenthesis is commonly used in the text by Ivanov to signify to audiences the formality of the review. The writer uses many anaphoric references one example is ‘the set up is contrived as they come, but this is part of the joke’. What both lexis ‘the set up and ‘this’ share is that – they have the same reference. On the whole Ivanov is successful in keeping track of the various people and things he mentions in his review by building a reference chain this makes Ivanov’s writing more coherent to audiences. The example given above is also a dependant clause as it cannot stand by it self it needs it an independent clause to make the sentence complete. Ivanov constantly reminds audiences of the crudity of the movie, but he changes his strategy this time by picking out bits of the film that he feels his readers would be alarmed by ‘feel Alex’s breasts. ‘ This displays Ivanov’s desperation as he is trying everything to persuade the readers not to watch the movie. The key purpose that Pavel Ivanov has written the review is to persuade audiences not to watch the movie, his underlining reason being that it would ‘offend you’ rather than ‘amuse you’. I suppose he is successful in convincing readers not to watch the movie, one effective regular feature I can identify Ivanov uses in his review is the first person singular pronoun ‘I’ he uses this to his advantage as he introduces himself to his readers as a reliable impartial critic, which is clearly not the case as he regularly belittles the movie and the individuals it is aimed at. This might make some readers feel uneasy as they do not count themselves part of the ‘Adam Sandler crowd’ consequently readers contemplate on whether it is worth watching this movie at all this. Ivanov’s unrelenting pressurising of readers makes him successful in achieving his target. How to cite How effectively does Pavel Ivanov use language to persuade his/her audience?, Essays

Documents of American History free essay sample

John Adams is an important figure in the history of this country at the most important time in its history: the time of its birth. He is a towering figure in American History and his accomplishments speak to protecting the rights of his fellow men, even if those men were British soldiers accused of shooting Americans as was the case with the Boston Massacre of 1770. John Adams served as minister to France in 1777 when at that time, the colonists badly needed French intervention if they ever hoped to win the American Revolution. Adams also had a contributing role in America’s Declaration of Independence as he was a vocal member of the Continental Congress. Adams also wrote the Massachusetts State Constitution, including its Bill of Rights. All of the above mentioned speak to the love of freedom and the protection of these rights to which Adams spoke so dearly.So then why during the 20th century, was Adams almost vilified compared to his friend and one time enemy Thomas Jefferson? It is peculiar how History seems to take sides over one issue of vilifies or glorifies one person above his real role in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Documents of American History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page    Both Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln enjoyed such an honor during the latter half of the 19th century and into the 20th. Only recently, when it is almost certain, that Jefferson fathered children of a mixed breed, yet still owned 200 slaves at a time, when Adams spoke to the emancipation of slavery, does the playing field become more level. This is especially true with David McCullough’s book John Adams, which actually sparked a Congressional insight into the importance of John Adams and a rethinking by the American public, spoke about the legacy of a man who was vital to the survival of this new experiment called the American Republic. Adams is vilified to a certain degree for two actions: forcing his bitterness over the loss of the 1800 election, not to greet the incoming President as is the custom now, and the dreaded Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 which horrified Thomas Jefferson and helped lead to the one time best friends, not to speak to speak to each other for another twelve years.Both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson will be forever linked together in American history. The 2nd and 3rd presidents of The United States and one time best friends, who later became political rivals and has the distinction of dying on the same day; the 50 anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, were giant s in the quest for American Independence. John Adams, twice, served as a diplomat to France both during the American Revolution as well as in the years immediately following the war.â€Å"Both Jefferson and Adams were very important times since historians later hailed French involvement in the American Revolution as what helped turned the tide of the war in the favor of the colonists.† (McCullough, 2001 p. 322) And as the war was nearing its end, John Adams wrote his state’s Constitution as well as its Bill of Rights. This Constitution, more than any other of its time, expanded these rights, to a greater degree than had been seen previously. Adams was instrumental in procuring the freedom of African Americans, who in Jefferson’s Virginia, would continue to be slaves or live in slave like conditions well after the end of the Civil War and despite the passage of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. But it would not be until the 20th century that such ironies were given their proper attention.â€Å"But it would be the passage of the 1798 Alien and Sedition Act that would puzzle and infuriate all those that had been a part of the construction of the Constitution’s Bill of Rights in 1791 and specifically, the 1st amendment which protected, among others, a person’s right of free speech.† (Burns, 1997) This meaning has been expanded over the years but then a s well as now, its first usage was to protect one who criticized the government, from reprisal.The 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts seemed to come in stark contrast to this most sacred of rights within the American Constitution. It said: â€Å"That if any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States, which are or shall be directed by proper authority, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States Shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $5,000 or a term in prison between five months to six years.† (Commanger, 1947 p. 177) This Act would later be repealed only to see the light of day again in 1918 during WWI. But such measures, horrified Thomas Jefferson and in response, wrote along with his friend James Madison, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions which were in direct response to the Sedition Acts and portrayed the further split between the Federalist and Democratic Parties, made even wider by the personal disunion caused by Adams and Jefferson. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions stated that: â€Å"no power over freedom of religion, freedom of speech, or freedom of the press being delegated by the   United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, all lawful powers respecting the same did of right remain, and were reserved to the States, or to the people.† (Commanger, 1947 p. 179) This meant that Jefferson, always distrusting of big government and in line with his belief in states’ rights, proclaimed that the federal government had no jurisdiction in enforcing the Alien and Sedition Acts as well as the fact that such restrictions on human freedom was in express contradiction to the Constitution and the ideals in which the American Revolution was fought in the first place.Everyone who had been locked up or fined under the Alien and Sedition Act was either set free or reimbursed by the federal government along with written apologies when Thomas Jefferson took over as President in March of 1801.The feud between Jefferson and Adams, made even larger by the ugliness of the 1800 Presidential election, lasted until 1812, when both were out of public office. Jefferson started a correspondence with Adams in what would become one of the most poignant and heart filled pieces of American literature. They both reminisced about their time together, hoping that this experiment in human democracy called the United States was actually going to work or not. Apologies were not given but rather regret that so much time has been lost to two people that were so important to the nation as well as to each other, were expressed in the correspondence.And what has to be one of the greatest coincidences in American history, two giants of American freedom who did not always practice what they preached; Adams’ enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Acts, and Jefferson personally owning more than 200 slaves for most of his lifetime, but still responsible for the expansion of human rights in America, died on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Each died while saying that the other still lives. They were both right in that respect.

How to Add Facebook Reactions to WordPress

In todays short tutorial, we show you how to add Facebook Reactions to WordPress.In February 2016, Facebook revamped their Like feature by introducing Reactions. This new feature allowed users to share how they felt about a post – whether it made them laugh or cry, or express emotions such as surprise or anger. This finally resolved one of Facebooks perpetual problems, too: knowing how to respond to a friend sharing bad news without implying that you like their unfortunate predicament.For WordPress webmasters, we tend to analyze our audiences engagement using cold hard statistics number of comments, social shares, and Google Analytics metrics. If, however, you want to present more human emotions on your website, well, now you can! If you want to add Facebook Reactions to WordPress, I recommend the Emojics Reactions plugin its available for free by following the link below. WordPress Reaction Buttons and Feedback Emoji Plugin Emojics Author(s): EmojicsCurrent Version: 1.5 .3Last Updated: September 18, 2019emojics-wp.1.5.3.zip 92%Ratings 10,921Downloads 3.0.1Requires Using the Emojics WordPress Reaction Buttons and Feedback Emoji plugin to add Facebook Reactions to WordPressBefore we can use the plugin, we need to install it (heres our detailed guide on how to install a plugin).In short, log in to your WordPress dashboard, then click Plugins / Add New. Now search for Emojics Reactions.The plugin should be the first one returned – in fact, its currently the only plugin returned.Complete the installation by clicking Install Now / Activate Plugin.How to configure the Emojics Reactions pluginThe plugin is really simple to configure, too, and should take no more than a few minutes. You will find the settings listed on the left next to Emojics. There are only a few fields to work through, so things are relatively straightforward.To add Facebook Reactions to WordPress, start by signing up for a free account. Once you complete the sign up go to se ttings and enable the widget accordingly.You can choose all of your pages, media library, categories, and even your 404 page. The counter is enabled by default, which is a great way to encourage more clicks, so its highly recommended.At this point, you can switch to set widget to take more control over the appearance and position. Here you can set the copy for the CTA and choose the reaction set.The Facebook reaction buttons are fully responsive and include stylish animations – when visitors hover over the Like button, the reactions pop up.The display counters will be beneath each of the reactions.Next, you get to choose where the buttons are displayed – the positioning on the screen and which page types they appear on.Choosing the positioning on the screen is incredibly straightforward. There are four options: middle left or right, or bottom left or right: Finally, you can choose to exclude URLs from this screen. You can change the display counter to count or percent age, plus you can choose to display them on specialist pages such as the homepage and/or archive page:When youre happy, hit Save.Job done! Depending on your chosen settings, the reactions will now automatically appear on your site.And thats all there is to it! Quick, easy, and painless.Emojics ProSo far, weve only discussed the functionalities available in the free version of Emojics Reactions – and the free plugin has all the features you need, really.If, however, you want to support the developers and unlock a few extra features, you can upgrade right from the dashboard for just $14.The pro version supports a few automated campaigns, advanced analytics that lets you track user reactions across your entire site without time limitations.Final thoughtsNow you can add Facebook Reactions to WordPress quite easily, courtesy of the free Emojics Reactions plugin. The plugin takes no more than a few moments to setup – or no time at all, as the default settings are usable out- the-box – and adds stylish reaction buttons and counters to your website, as the screenshots above demonstrate.Reactions give your visitors a cool new way to interact with your website, plus your audience can collectively indicate how they feel about your content – and you can use this feedback to craft even better content!Are you using the Emojics Reactions plugin? Share your thoughts and ask any questions in the comments below! How to add #Facebook reactions to #WordPress ðŸ˜Æ'⠝ ¤Ã¯ ¸ Ã°Å¸â€˜ Ã°Å¸Ëœ  

Essay Example #8220;A Brief History of the English Language#8221;

Essay Example #8220;A Brief History of the English Language#8221; English has gone through quite a journey. It started as a West Germanic language that came about through dialects, invasions, and borrowing from other languages. It began to form in the 5th century AD and continues to develop until this day as perhaps the most international language. The following paragraphs will explore the progression of English in its initial formation, Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. The start of it all The English language can be said to have started with an invasion. This is not surprising since the popularity of a language is often political. According to the Oxford International English Schools, â€Å"Three Germanic tribes, the Jutes, Saxons and Angles were seeking new lands to conquer, and crossed over from the North Sea. It must be noted that the English language we know and study through various English language courses today had yet to be created as the inhabitants of Britain spoke various dialects of the Celtic language. During the invasion, the native Britons were driven north and west into lands we now refer to as Scotland, Ireland, and Wales† (â€Å"A Brief History of the English Language†). The word â€Å"English† originated from the language of the Angles tribe, which spoke â€Å"Englisc.† There is little documentation on what the language sounded like before 5th century AD when the Angles came to Britain to invade. Old English Old English can be said to have started around 450 AD, when it became the predominant language of the Anglo-Saxons. The language was not static, however. Old English had a history about 700 years of usage, and can be divided into three periods: Prehistoric Old English (450 AD to 650 AD): Since there is hardly any trace of it being written, the documentation of its features cannot be properly discussed. However, it is known that eventually all the three Germanic tribes that invaded Britain spoke it. Early Old English (650 AD to 900 AD): In this time, the first Old English manuscripts were published. Famous authors of the time were Cà ¦dmon, Bede, Cynewulf, and Aldhelm. Late Old English (900 AD to 1066 AD): Old English came to an abrupt end with the Norman conquest in 1066 AD. Though this sounds dreadful, it might have been for the best for the language, as it grew in usage as Middle English (Baugh, Albert C., and Thomas Cable). Middle English With the Norman conquest, much changed in the English language. The introduction of French elements into the language and the transformation of its grammar were the most significant. According to Oxford International English Schools, â€Å"It was during this period that the English language, and more specifically, English grammar, started evolving with particular attention to syntax. An interesting fact to note is that this period has been attributed with the loss of case endings that ultimately resulted in inflection markers being replaced by more complex features of the language† (â€Å"A Brief History of the English Language†). This time was also the period of Chaucer: â€Å"the father of English literature.† His Canterbury Tales became so popular that it made English properly compete with the dominant languages in the region at that time: French and Latin. Overall, Middle English was spoken from 1150 AD to about 1500 AD. Modern English Around 1500, a period of great transformation came to the language. According to EnglishClub.com, â€Å"Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century, the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language† (â€Å"History of English†). With this added vocabulary and new ways of expression in English, the language became more flexible and potent. After many books of English were printed in London, the language became standardized- especially with the first English dictionary published in 1604 (â€Å"History of English†). In summary, English came from being a West Germanic dialect to a powerful language in its own right through the literature of London, the addition of many loan words, and adaptations to its grammar and syntax. With Chaucer, English became about as popular as French and Latin after the Norman conquest of Britain. But it was not until the 1600s that the language became standardized. â€Å"A Brief History of the English Language.† Oxford International English Schools, 15 Mar. 2019, www.oxfordinternationalenglish.com/a-brief-history-of-the-english-language/. Baugh, Albert C., and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. Routledge, 2012. â€Å"History of English.† EnglishClub, www.englishclub.com/history-of-english/.

Critique for Romeo and juliet play at Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critique for Romeo and juliet play at - Essay Example The day when I got a chance to see the show was on March 21 at 7.30 P.M. Romeo and Juliet is the greatest love story ever told. Most English literatures recognize the ironic love story. Its setting is on the Prohibition Era in Chicago. It is a family drama of the timelessness of forbidden love. The strong desires of Romeo and Juliet are hindered by a deadly organized crime feud. A dilemma comes into the light whether to choose family or their love. It is a tragic romance. Audiences are usually challenged to examine not only the unfolding of passion but also the inevitability of fate. This makes it a very interesting play to watch and anyone who had the chance to visit the college’s Theatre had no other choice. The plot in many great works usually contains some very basic ingredients. There has to be the initial situation, conflict, complication, climax, suspense, denouement, and conclusion. The play followed all the fundamental elements. The explanation of each one of them is as follows There is a family feud between the Capulet and the Montague servants. The play opens when one of the Capulet servants signals to the Montague servants using a simple hand gesture. Unfortunately, this leads to a full-out fight. The Prince becomes so furious and points out that anyone who will be held holding a public fight would be put to death. On another part of the stage, the two lovers are introduced. Juliet is a young girl aged thirteen –years old; she belongs to the Capulet side. Romeo, on the other hand, represents the Montague side. He is supposedly head over heels in love with a girl called Rosaline. Rosaline though was too busy for him. Romeo crashes into a Capulet Party has hopes amidst hope that he would be able to have a glimpse on Rosaline. Instead, he sees Juliet and it was love, at first sight. They talk for a maximum of five minutes before starting to make out. The conflict occurs when

Home Schooling vs. Public Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home Schooling vs. Public Education - Essay Example Moreover, they are not able to relate with the parents of a child properly and they remain in dark about the weaknesses of their child. Comparatively in home schooling the teacher and the parents are able to devote their time to the child understanding the teaching style and the curriculum which best suits the student. The teacher can move at his own speed and guide the students about the other activities and explore his talents which are neglected in public schools. Another main advantage is that home schooling provides parents with a sense of security regarding their child’s wrong indulgence in bad activities. Harmful peer pressure, physical and mental mugging, threat of being bullied or involvement in drugs are some factors that children who go to public schools have to face. Comparatively in home schooling a child is saved from all this mental pressure and spends quality time with the teacher and the family which builds up the family relations and consequently the child wi ll learn and embrace the good values around him. Then there is the benefit of flexibility in time. Parents can set the timetable for their child’s study hours as some children have the tendency to work best in different times of the day and the teacher has the advantage to lay emphasis on the subjects the child is weak in or needs more attention. â€Å"An added benefit of home schooling is the freedom to encourage mastery. Students can be made to repeat materials correct and retake tests, and study longer in order to master materials because there is not an entire classroom of other children ready to go on† (Andrea D. Clements). Despite the benefits, there are disadvantages to home schooling as well. Home schooling takes and requires emotional,... This essay approves that children are given loads of homework and parents have to work with their children for hours to make them grasp the concept. If that is the case many parents then prefer home schooling if they have to cover the educational aspect on their own. Children at this age can easily be influenced by bad company. Disruptive and harsh behavior is evident in children going to public schools. Children going to public schools may be familiar with a lot of knowledge but understand very little and this is where kids being home schooled outshine them. Children with some disability are not properly treated by the peers or teachers in public schools whereas home schooling can provide the right kind of environment to those special kids and enhance their confidence. This report makes a conclusion that it is true to state that home schooling is not for everyone. It may not be appropriate for every family in every circumstance. A lot of money has to be invested in order to provide the resources for projects, field trips, tuition and children with home schooling lack in social development. Every day interaction is necessary in order to learn to communicate and handle different situations and at times the child may develop inferiority complex pondering over what qualities he is lacking by not going to a public school. Public schools have a fixed curriculum and grading system which enables the parents and the child to know where he stands. Public schools offer a broad range of extracurricular activities such as sports, plays and membership of different clubs. Public schooling gives the parents a chance to have a full time job and provide and cater for all the needs of the child.

Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Social Work - Essay Example The latter is according to research in social work. According to (Coady and Lehmann, 2008), the emergence of the two theories is a result of outcomes that were not efficient concerning approaches in case work. These approaches were stuck according to the method known as psychodynamic. The center of focus from the relating methods is on short term and brief interventions. The link emerges from theory learning and forms a basis of ideas geared towards solving problems. The call made by the two approaches is to have workers in the social sphere to be part of service users in a joint activity. The intention will be to analyze troubles, what causes them and actions that will help address them. The person-centered theory is consequently necessary for the process of applying the above methodologies (Walsh, 2006). There is a need to have the service user to be central to the problem. Then it is vital to see the urgency of the case from their perspective. In regard to that, social workers are to be good listeners if they are to trace issues because interfere with service users. As a result, they can offer help with solutions that can help handle their problems. Task centered approach also has challenges just as other social work methods. (Rzepnicki, McCracken and Briggs, 2012) Looks at the service users and how ready they are to carry forth duties with social workers and how reasonable this is. To achieve more value, it is applicable to necessary assistance from the agency. Further, the two approaches are valuable in creating empowerment and innate approach to opposing oppressive techniques. Therefore, the inclusion of a new set of skills will improve the capabilities of the service users. That will allow them to handle the present situations and more so upcoming state of affairs that portray oppression and difficulty. There are many factors that influence the practices in social work that require the inclusion of

Similarities And Differences Between Sport And Fitness Physical Education Essay

Similarities And Differences Between Sport And Fitness Physical Education Essay Throughout this essay I will identify the definition for both sport and physical education, implementing my own interpretation. I will also explain the differences and similarities between them. My research will be based largely on the affect physical activity has on school children. I aim to concentrate my research on the method of teaching PE and sports, introducing both linear and non-linear pedagogy. Finally, I will conclude with my own understanding of my findings and where I feel research should be continued in order to ensure both PE and sports is an active part of every childs life, especially after leaving school. Sport v PE Classifying the definition of sport is not as simple as it seems. Research states, an athletic activity requiring skill or physical prowess and often of a competitive nature, as racing, baseball, tennis, golf, bowling, wrestling, boxing, hunting, fishing, etc. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sport). This is true, however, there is a lot more to it that just skill and competition. Although rules are a major part of sport, making it sound more serious, it can also be fun and entertaining. Physical skill is a key advantage in playing sport, however lets not forget that most sports also require mental skill for strategic planning. The most important aspect of sport is having fun with the added bonus of maintaining a good fitness level. The term sport comes from the old French desport which means leisure. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport. Physical Education is Training in the development of and care for the human body; stresses athletics; includes hygiene. http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/PHYSICALEDUCATION. It is a taught course taken during primary and secondary education that encourages psychomotor learning in a play or movement exploration setting. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education. In the UK, Physical Education classes are compulsory in school until approximately age 16. As well as learning basic sporting skills, the curriculum also pays attention to health and fitness. My first recollection of PE at School was playing pirates in the school gym which involved running around on sporting apparatus being chased. PE is not always being taught the obvious sporting game such as football, hockey, etc. Its aim is to enhance an individuals progress through a variety of activities, which will boost their confidence level; hence my pirate game vastly improved my agility skills. As the student progresses, leaders hip skills are incorporated into the programme as well as being encouraged to be player independent in their decision-making. The most obvious similarity between sport and PE is that they both involve physical activity. Physical health benefits are gained by taking part in regular physical activity, whether that is during school hours (PE lessons), an extra-curriculum activity, or playing for a local club. Research shows that children who participate frequently in physical activity will reduce their chances of acquiring certain ailments such as diabetes and obesity, therefore improving their quality of life. However, other benefits such as affective and social are also gained. Research suggests that affective development is now evident with children. One of the main signs of this is a childs self-esteem that grows stronger when partaking in physical activity. Research show that stress, anxiety and depression, can also be significantly reduced with regular exercise. Probably the most important aspect of both sport and PE is social benefit. Whether you are playing football with a few friends or in a controlle d PE lesson, it is evident that this is a major part of a childs social learning skills. Anti-social behaviour is frowned upon and, to fit in, children tend to conform to the norm. Also, for an introvert child, communication though activity can help dramatically improve their interaction with other children outside of sports and PE and this has a knock-on affect with their affective skills also (Bailey, 2006). However, there may be implications. For example, we are assuming that pupils are enjoying the physical activity and are good at it. What if a child suffers with ability and/or may be teased by other school children for their lack of coordination? This may cause the child to become introvert and depression and anxiety could occur. Although PE has a positive effect for most, this concern needs to be considered carefully when planning PE lessons at school. However, sport is more about being competitive and winning medals and trophies. Although PE can be competitive, teachers introduce fair play; ensuring teams are equally balanced, whether that is by age, sex, and/or ability. However, in sports, the best players are selected for the clubs first team and those with less skill will be placed in a lower performing side. Sport is voluntary and the number of participants can vary from club to club, but the size of group/team can be adapted to suit the requirements of a match. However, PE is compulsory in schools and classes can be vast, this can cause problems for the teacher when applying rules and instructions, especially given that a proportion of children do not want to partake and may be unruly. Within sports there are leagues and competitions, involving officials and a fixture secretary and each club concentrates on one particular sport. However, the chosen activity for a particular PE lesson is usually decided by the teacher and can vary from lesson to lesson. This decision can also depend on the environmental conditions and equipment available to that school. For example, it is difficult for a school in the centre of London to partake in an outdoor adventure activity, as there are no local amenities to support this and some inner city schools dont have the funds to purchase expensive equipment. Linear and non-linear pedagogy The basic skills of PE are learned during a childs school years. This is normally taught using linear pedagogy, a more traditional method. Once the basics are learnt, a pupil may wish to expand on this skill and join a particular sport they excel in. This is where further, more advanced coaching, takes place and in my experience, a more non-linear pedagogy approach is implemented. Linear pedagogy is teacher centred, instructional, technique-based and practiced method. This style is more advantageous in schools than clubs, where, due to enormous class sizes, it is easier for the teacher to maintain control of the class. However, there are problems with this approach. For example, in my school-day experience, in order for skills to be learned, the teacher would use drills to demonstrate a technique and it was a luxury to play a game. This was a disappointment to my peers and me. Tactics were rarely mentioned therefore my decision-making was poor. Non-linear pedagogy leans more towards the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) way of teaching where it is player centred, involving engaging an individual in being encouraged to think for themselves in both tactical and technical aspects (Thorpe and Bunker 1989). Its major advantage it that it is designed to guide players to become independent in their decision-making. For example, a typical training session may involve a short modified game to identify the teams failings. Drill sessions would then take place to strengthen these weaknesses. After the drills, another game would be played to implement the new skill, using their own thoughts. The coach encourages player independence by applying strategies to match an individual players game, therefore improving their decision-making throughout a game (Light, 2006). The main problem with linear pedagogy is that it can be strict and disciplined, almost military style, therefore enjoyment, which should be a major factor, is low on the list of achievements and participating in both PE and sport should definitely achieve this. Lessons become predictable and children tend to pay less attention due to boredom, therefore not much learning will take place. Also, too much structure wont allow those with less ability to achieve the aimed outcome and, instead, may become stressed at their inability to master the skill. This could also damage their confidence. By not allowing children to think for themselves, it reduces their scope of learning and their tactical skills will be limited. Non-linear pedagogy is not without its faults. At school level, it may lack adequate theoretical teaching from a motors learning perspective. Receiving little instruction from the teacher can result in the child not being able to make the correct decision. It is very difficult to measure whether or not the children are learning anything and it can look a lot like chaos (Mack, et al, 2000). Conclusion Taking into consideration the research and my own interpretation, it is encouraging to see that both PE and sports has a positive affect on majority of children. However, my findings highlight the need for schools to reconsider their method of teaching PE. Other less traditional styles should be implemented to enhance the enjoyment of the lesson, which may encourage children to continue their interest in extra-curriculum sporting activities and perhaps join sporting clubs upon leaving school. This will then increase the number of potential elite athletes. Further research needs to be undertaken to investigate the effects of social behaviour in children. For example, how does participating in PE and sports help reduce crime rate? What can the government do to ensure people from deprived areas are given more opportunities to partake in sport? Overall, any type of physical activity should be a part of everyones lifestyle. Although playing sport is more of an individual choice, it is vital that PE remains a compulsory part of the curriculum at schools as this is the grass roots encouragement they require to continue in their enjoyment and progress to playing sport after leaving school. Reference list: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sport http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Physical+education Ones I have not used yet: http://www.tgfu.org/taskforce/index.htm http://www.citejournal.org/vol1/iss1/currentissues/english/article1.htm http://www.suite101.com/content/teaching-breathing-exercises-for-singing-a146136 http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002249790 http://www.bmj.com/content/327/7415/592.full

To Build a Fire by Jack London Essay -- Jack London Build Fire Essays

To Build a Fire by Jack London The short story "To build a Fire" by Jack London, tells about the relationship between man and nature. The story takes place in the Yukon during one of the long night. The main character who is unnamed travels with a dog along a small trail to a mining camp. The man leaves against the advice of a local and after a short time realizes that he should have waited. The temperature is extremely cold because the mans spit freezes before it hits the ground. The main obstacle of his journey is the many covered springs that mean death to whoever falls into them. The man sends his dog in front of him to make sure that the trail is safe. Eventually the dog falls into one of the springs and gets his paws wet. Immediate, acting solely of instinct, the dog begins to chew the ice off of his feet. Further down the trail a similar incident happens, but this time the man falls into the spring. In order to keep his feet from freezing he has to build a fire. The first attempt to build a fire is flawed b y the location the man chose under a tree. After the man is unable to light a second fire because of the loss of dexterity in his fingers, he becomes panicked and blindly runs, until totally exhausted, and dies. Throughout the story the mood gives the impression of extreme cold, and the tone is ironic. Through the actions of the main character, Jack London shows that man must be humble to nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main character in the story remains nameless becaus...

Mercedes Benz Brand Evolution and History

Mercedes-Benz is a multinational division of the German manufacturer Daimler AG, and the brand is used for luxury automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks. Mercedes-Benz is headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany Mercedes-Benz has been making buses since 1895 in Mannheim in Germany. Since 1995, the brand of Mercedes-Benz buses and coaches is under the umbrella of EvoBus GmbH, belonging 100% to the Daimler AG. The German luxury car-manufacturer has been around for more than a century, having elegantly drifted the both smooth and rough curves of automobile history. Responsible for the modern internal combustion engine's genesis, the ‘fathers' of the Mercedes-Benz brand practically invented the automobile. Many years ago when mahogany canes and high-top hats were the ultimate fashion and social prominence statements, two men by the names of Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler were busy freeing the world from horse-powered transportation. The 1886 archetype of the modern engine, their device was not a result of team-work but of independent and synchronous research and development. Although both lived in Southern Germany, they never actually met if historical accounts are to be believed. Despite the equal share of the two engineer's contribution to the development of the four-stroke petrol engine, it was Gottlieb Daimler who garnered more attention that would eventually lead to world-spread fame. Following Daimler's successful results in racing, a wealthy Austrian business man by the name of Emil Jellinek became interested in the Unterturkheim-built cars. Daimler and his chief-engineer, Wilhelm Maybach's work had pleased Jellinek to the extent of him approaching the two with a business proposal: a large number of cars would be ordered in exchange to a name change from Daimler to Mercedes – Jellinek daughter's name – and the right to alter the car's designs as well as the right to resell the vehicles in some European countries, including Austria, France and Belgium. Despite having been widely criticized for alleged forced employment and violation of human rights during the Second World War, Mercedes – Benz have been successful at building an automotive empire, strongly supported by some of the company's far-from-average clients, such as state leaders, media moguls and ridiculously rich families. Mercedes – Benz have become known particularly for their limousines, most of which can be seen in most movies ever since the Lumiere brothers became famous for their ‘little' invention called cinematography. As if outstanding product quality and world fame weren't enough, the Mercedes – Benz team has also fathered tons of innovations, many of them targeting the simple four-cylinder engine. After marking a new era in mechanical supercharging technology, Mercedes went on to cross new borders through the release of new engineering concepts and ground breaking designs. The BlueTec system unveiled in 2005 was developed with only one though in mind: cutting CO2 emissions, achievement made possible through the use of SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction). Two other notable events occurred the same year with the release of the A 200 Turbo engine for the A-Klasse and the organic-looking Bionic concept. Market Shares of Mercedes on 07-2013 Betting big on the Indian automobile market, German luxury car maker Mercedes Benz is aiming for a double digit growth this year The company sold 7,138 units last year, Mercedes Benz India Director (Sales and Network development) Boris Fitz said. During the first quarter of this calendar year, the company sold 2,009 units, he said. However, he declined to reveal the number of units that Mercedes Benz has planned to sell in India. Stating that Mercedes Benz was â€Å"bullish† about the Indian market, he said the company was investing Rs 250 crore towards capacity expansion plans at its Pune plant. The company is doubling capacity from 10,000 units per year at present to 20,000 units per year. Mercedes Benz on Thursday introduced the diesel version on its compact hatchback B Class at Rs 22. 60 lakh ex-showroom Mumbai. Having already sold 500 units of B Class petrol since its launch nine months back, Mercedes Benz expects the diesel variant to outsell petrol variants in the coming months and lead the double digit growth in 2013, for the luxury carmaker. Eberhard Kern, MD & CEO, Mercedes Benz India told ET that despite the changing fuel price equation, the customers are still demanding diesel cars. â€Å"In our portfolio where diesel variant is available, it constitutes 80% of our total sales with petrol making up for 20% with the B Class too we are expecting the same. Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt Ltd (DICV) announces that Mercedes Benz' bus division will be integrated with it. Previously the bus business was handled by Mercedes Benz India Private Ltd (MBIL) located out of Pune. Daimler sees the Indian market as one with increasing potential. However, the Luxury Coach segment is still very small in comparison to the total market. While MB India has sold more than 300 buses since 2008, Volvo Buses sold 700 units in 2012 alone (Volvo entered the Indian bus market in 2001). DICV will now handle the marketing, sales & after-sales of Mercedes-Benz Buses. Servicing will be taken up by select dealers of BharatBenz. Initially only 7 dealers, along with 2 existing dealers who have been servicing MB buses, will handle the servicing requirements for these buses. Bus manufacture will continue at MB India's Pune factory for some more time. Eventually, manufacturing will shift to DICV’s manufacturing plant at Oragadam, near Chennai. Growth Rate The ingenious luxury car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz reported witnessing a substantial rise in sales volume over the past quarter of 2012. The company was pleased to announce that there had been a massive 5. 3% growth in the sales. Mercedes with its growing reputation over the past few decades has made it one of the most powerful in the automobile industry. Taking into consideration the overall major drop in the Indian LCV automobile industry, this can be reported as huge success. Over the course of a few years, Mercedes has dazzled the imaginations of car lovers and enthusiasts by unveiling ingenious and exciting cars, ideas and concepts and rolled out some of most powerful four-wheeled machinery there is. Mercedes is a brand looked up to for its superiorly performing and luxurious cars. This may the cause of such a massive boost in the company’s sales. Mercedes Benz production plants all over the country have begun ramping up car production numbers for the expected profit from this substantial rise. Mercedes is planning to optimistically envisage double-digit growth numbers over the next six months. The German car manufacturer has enthusiastically developed several exciting designs to be rolled out this year and car enthusiasts are extremely interested in what they’re going to be. This enthusiasm may have been what sparked a healthy growth of over 5% in the past three months. The manufacturer believes it is capable of inducing much more growth in the company’s sales in some time and they would try to enhance the overall quality of products. They should be able to easily capture their expected double-digits growth rates. Mercedes seems to be very optimistic at this topic and expects to beat the industry by its uniqueness and ability to touch the very visions of enthusiasts around the world. The crowd expects even more from the company, and Mercedes has the type of people who won’t give up until they achieve the most of it. They’re building on towards a better future for the company as well as consumers of LCVs in the Indian market. CHAPTER 2 Founder profile Karl Friedrich Benz (help ·info) (November 25, 1844 – April 4, 1929) was a German engine designer and car engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the petrol-powered automobile, and together with Bertha Benz pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz. Other German contemporaries, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach working as partners, also worked on similar types of inventions, without knowledge of the work of the other, but Benz patented his work first, and, subsequently patented all the processes that made the internal combustion enginefeasible for use in an automobile. In 1879, his first engine patent was granted to him, and in 1886, Benz was granted a patent for his first automobile. In 1871, at the age of twenty-seven, Karl Benz joined August Ritter in launching the Iron Foundry and Mechanical Workshop in Mannheim, later renamed Factory for Machines for Sheet-metal Working. The enterprise's first year went very badly. Ritter turned out to be unreliable, and the business's tools were impounded. The difficulty was overcome when Benz's fiancee, Bertha Ringer, bought out Ritter's share in the company using her dowry. On July 20, 1872, Karl Benz and Bertha Ringer married. They had five children: Eugen (1873), Richard (1874), Clara (1877), Thilde (1882), and Ellen (1890). Despite the business misfortunes, Karl Benz led in the development of new engines in the early factory he and his wife owned. To get more revenues, in 1878 he began to work on new patents. First, he concentrated all his efforts on creating a reliable petrol two-stroke engine. Benz finished his two-stroke engine on December 31, 1878, New Year's Eve, and was granted a patent for it in 1879. Karl Benz showed his real genius, however, through his successive inventions registered while designing what would become the production standard for his two-stroke engine. Benz soon patented the speed regulation system, the ignition using sparks with battery, the spark plug, the carburetor, the clutch, the gear shift, and the water radiator. Product Profile The world's first motorised bus was built in Germany by Karl Benz in 1895, some years before Gottlieb Daimler also started to build and sell buses in Germany as well. By 1898 both Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, then rivals, were exporting their buses to Wales and England. Soon Daimler products were sold in the British Empire in a partnership with the British company Milnes. Milnes-Daimler developed a double-decker in 1902 and provided a bus for the first motorised bus service in the United Kingdom the following year. Though the company met success in selling buses throughout the British Empire, the partnership between Daimler and Milnes had to be undone due to the First World War Due to economic hardships in the early 1900s, Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft and Benz & Cie. merged into one company in 1926, two years after both companies signed an agreement of mutual interest. Thus, Daimler-Benz AG (also known as Mercedes-Benz) was formed. In the next year, the company presented its first combined bus range. By that time emphasis was given to diesel engines (as opposed to petrol engines) for commercial vehicles. In 1951 Mercedes-Benz unveiled its first bus specifically designed for bus operation (and not derived from a lorry, as was the case of the other buses produced by the company until then) – the O6600 H. This 11-metre-long vehicle was equipped with a six-cylinder, transverse-mounted rear engine delivering 145 hp, a lower frame than its predecessors, and an electric gearshift system. In 1954 Mercedes-Benz unveiled its first semi-integral bus – the O321 H. The semi-integral design meant a reduction in weight, improvements in stability and body resistance. The O321 H also was the first to feature coil springs in the front-axle suspension. This 9. 2-metre-long vehicle (a 10. 9-metre version was later unveiled) also featured a rear-mounted engine. The first version was available with an output of 110 hp, and a later optional 126-hp version was made available. More than 30,000 units of the O321 H complete bus and its platform were sold around the world, a mark which places it as the best-selling bus of its time and, until today, one of the most successful models by Mercedes-Benz.

Consequences of Idenity Theft

Consequences of Idenity Theft Free Online Research Papers The definition for identity theft is the fraud appropriation and use of someones identifying or personal data or documents as a credit card. Identity thieves usually make multiple credit cards under one name causing bad credit and debt to the innocent victim. Most people dont realize that theyve been a victim of identity theft until they either try to buy a car, buy a house, or get another credit card issued in their name. Almost impossible to catch, indentity theives are almost impossible to catch, they are finding newer and newer ways to steal your identity. Identity thieves can get your information in many different ways. The traditional way to get your information is by get shredded credit card applications and bank statements with your SSN number on it. Experiments have been done and even if an application is sent in taped it may be accepted. Another way is that your restaurant waiter/wateriest when swiping your card may take your credit card number. They often are working for some identity theft ring and you may become a victim. The Toll On The Victim Those who havent been victims of identity theft usually dont realize the true toll. The victims often dont get their name cleared. They also have ruined credit and most creditors have lost trust in them, even though it wasnt their fault. They are unable to buy a house, car, or get new credit cards. If they can receive these things, they pay a higher interest rate. It takes years to get their name clear, and their record will always be marked. Their can be many ways to stop identify theft. The major thing you can do is instead of buying a linear shredder, you should buy a criss-cross shredder. Some people also try to limit their credit card use to reduce the risk of their SSN number being spread around. Statistics of identity theft can go on and on. The most startling stats is that identity theft is decreasing. The numbers have gone from 10.1 million in 2003 to 8.4 million in 2007. The yearly fraud amount has decreased from $55.7 billion in 2006 to $49.3 billion in 2007. And also, the mean for fraud amount per fraud victim has decrased from $6278 in 2006 to $5720 in 2007. Regardless of the fact that identity theft numbers are lowering, its still a terrible crime for the victims. The thieves that commit these crimes are almost never caught and ruin the lives of their victims. Whether by credit card aplications, pickpockets, or by someone in allowed contact with your credit card, your identity can be stollen many ways. There is only one way to lower your chances of identity theft is to take percations starting with your shredder and ending with your trust. Research Papers on Consequences of Idenity TheftLifes What IfsCapital PunishmentTwilight of the UAWThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationResearch Process Part OneAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtDefinition of Export QuotasPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Hidden Threads Essays - Hermeneutics, Continental Philosophy

Hidden Threads Essays - Hermeneutics, Continental Philosophy Hidden Threads There was a time, not long ago, when the evangelical commu-nity had considerable consensus on lifestyle questions and socialissues. We generally agreed on what we should eat and drink and how we might spend our weekends. There was little debate over definitions of vulgarity or morality, and questions of fashion were rarely a matter for discussion. In those days, everyone knew how a family should be raised, and aberrations such as divorce and abortion were simply that: problems found only among hose outside the fold. All of that has changed. Today there is considerable disagreement on such questions, and where there is not disagreement, there is often a reluctant silence or unwillingness to enter into discussion on these questions. The problem is complicated by the fact that these issues do not always fall neatly into those familiar gaps found among genders, generations, and geographies. Too often we find uneasy disagreement among parishioners or even among clergy in the same denomination. Similarly, tensions are found among teenagers or among parents and not simply between those two groups. In each case where such tensions exist, clear biblical and objective bases for evaluating our modern society are usually not found. Consequently, theological answers to these questions have generally not been helpful. That is not to say we should expect them to be. Much of the difficulty in dealing with contemporary social issues can be attributed to modernity with its tendency to pose problems that all outside of theological answers . Theology is designed to defend the faith and not to interpret modern culture or to help the believer live in it. It is the province of social science to understand modernity and to explain how it affects all of us. Theology cannot be expected to interpret the impact of computers on modern life any more than social science can be expected to explain the Trinity. What theology can do is to elucidate those universal principles given to us by God that social science may then interpret for modern living. My claim is that modern life has re-defined many of the practices that theology traditionally addressed. State lotteries, for example, have defined gambling in ways unfamiliar to theology. The revocation of blue laws concerned with Sunday openings has challenged the traditional meaning of the Sabbath. In a modern economy, the biblical meaning of poverty differsgreatly from the meaning found today. In each of these cases, traditional biblical interpretations do not address the questions experienced today. Consequently, there is a lag in theological thinking when contemporary social issues fall outside the boundof traditional theological answer. Our problem is to locate some common ground where theology and social science can join forces, some bridge between biblical truth and the application of that truth to modern social problems. I would argue that concepts found in scripture as well as in social science form a common, hermeneutical base for the analysis of modern social issues. Referred to here as hidden threads, these concepts tie together, so to speak, the meaning God intended us to find in the world with meaning as we find it today. What is the meaning in the modern marriage that is faithful to God's plan and what has been added by humans? What is the meaning of money that God would have us keep and what modern thinking should be discarded? These questions can only be answered when theology and social science join forces. The harmful impact made by modernity on society and Christian thought justifies such an approach. To support that claim, I intend in this paper to: l) clarify the crises posed by modernity, 2) develop the conceptual foundation referred to here as hidden threads as it relates to these crises, and 3) encourage the development of a hermeneutic which benefits from the interpretations offered by theology and social science. Crisis of Meaning Much of traditional life was governed by the belief that society's rules and norms were appropriate for governing human relationships and were worthy of respect, if not full acceptance. Developments in Western culture over the past 30 years or so have reversed much of this belief and substituted the notion that people shape rules as they interact. Instead of fitting relationships into normative expectations, those relationships

The Similarities and Differences between Ijarah and Leasing Essay

The Similarities and Differences between Ijarah and Leasing - Essay Example Since the banking crisis around the world, many countries have shifted to an alternate banking system such as the Islamic banking system in which there is a mechanism of sharing profit and loss and using fixed service charges instead of interest charges which eases the pressure on the economy. Some prohibitions and certain guidelines have been drawn by the Shariah law, which makes a clear comparison between the conventional finance system and Islamic finance system. The unlawful charging of the interest, Riba, is the foremost concept that is prohibited by the Islamic Shariah, while it also prohibits gharar, an uncertainty in activities and has made gambling, Maisir, forbidden which makes it to differ from the conventional finance system in which interest is considered to be a common ground. In an Islamic term, Ijarah is an agreement to offer something for a lease, rent, or wage. According to a different meaning in Islamic fiqh, Ijarah is also referred to as a payment offered to a person for the services that were delivered by the same person. However, if the term Ijarah is considered in the setting of Islamic banking, it is referred to as the process of transference of a particular property from one person to another in exchange of a lawful return or rent from the owner. The procedure involves the lawful transference of the asset from the owner to the lessee and ends with the purchase of the leasing object. Ijarah in the context of Islamic banking is known as Ijarah Thumma Al-Bai or Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek, which is a type of leased contract that can only be ended with the purchase of the leased asset. The paper discusses the two concepts relating to the finance system, the convention form of financing system and the Islamic way of financing. Moreover, the paper will discuss the leased contracts based on Ijarah, which is consistently being used by the Islamic institutions. Furthermore, the study will differentiate between the concept of Ijarah leasing and financial and operating leases. The study will also highlight the accounting systems which have been recommended by the Accounting and Audition Organization for the Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Lastly, the paper will give recommendations to conciliate between these approaches. Lease is defined as a rental agreement between the two parties in which the owner of the asset gives rights to the lessee to use the asset, and it would be the responsibility of the lessee to compensate timely and contractual payments to the lessor (Brealey et al., 2006(. There are many benefits in leasing over obtaining external borrowing or purchasing assets by making full payment, and it can benefit in terms of the saving of the taxes, costs associ ated with the use of assets, and mitigation of risks (Ross, Westerfield and Jaffe, 2005). Leasing can create a positive impact as it reduces the cost of financial distress and minimizes the chances of bankruptcy. Even if the lessee occurs to be a defaulter, the lessee would be given a higher priority than a creditor who just borrows money. Leasing generally helps in the sharing of inflation risk, business risk, and residual value risk. The residual value risk is considered to be the risk associated with the market value of the asset at the maturity date which can be transferred from the lessee to the lessor who has the authority to adjust the lease payments to cover the risk. If the lessor can earn an advantage from the secondary market, the lease payments

Heathrow Airport Project Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Heathrow Airport Project Evaluation - Essay Example This meant some of the Star Alliance airlines having their operations at terminal 2 and 3 would have to move to terminal 1. Completion of this project on time would enable Heathrow Airport, which currently caters for 90 airlines, to rise up to more than 180 airlines worldwide. Though completing the project on the laid timeline was one of the most important things, there were other factors that had to be considered, including the safety and health issues (BAA, 2012). This was important because the terminal was to be used by passengers, and their needs came first. All factors had to be considered so as to maintain the reputation of BAA to the stakeholders , the public, and the media. The passage of terminal 1 may lead to delays which could cause not only significant penalties but also loss of other clients. A project manager, David Buisson, was chosen to manage the project as he was a certified project manager who also had more than 13 years of working experience as a manger in various challenging and complex projects (BAA, 2012). Mr. Buisson had worked with teams of professionals from various places around the world, including professionals from industries who were skilled enough to tackle major transport and communication projects. Using the experience developed from many years of experience and meeting different people around the world, Mr. Buisson had the required sufficient knowledge to choose a team that would be able to complete the project in the required timeline. The teams chosen would be required to collaborate and make the success of the project the most important thing they do. They should also remember the safety of the project as it is supposed to serve millions of people and for decades of years to come. Planning Approaches Planning and survey are a continuous process wh ich may take time before being implemented. There are three proven planning approaches for projects which include top-down execution and responsibility; top-down policy and bottom-up planning and execution; and bottom-up execution and responsibility (Kerzner, 2000). The top down execution and responsibility is the department responsible for coordinating and planning of procedures and policies. The management in this approach is centralized as it involves a few people making decisions for the rest of the team (Cooke-Davies, 2000). In this case, the stakeholders are informed of the proceedings of the project and they make the decisions of whether the project would still be done or not. They decide whether the request for time extensions would be necessary, whether additional resources would make any changes to the project and they make conclusions without consulting the teams doing the project. This approach has its disadvantages as various departments may not get the special attentio n required to complete the project on time. Different teams may also not understand how they should relate to each other while trying to complete the project. The other approach is the bottom-up execution and responsibility which encourages each department to develop or come up with their ideas and implement plans without much supervision (Morris, 2004). In this approach, there is a manager in charge of them, but they only report to them in critical circumstances. In our case, the project manager encourages the team members to use the collaborative approach while solving various problems. This approach involves training various people as well as having different parties which can be expensive especially to big projects such as refurbishing Heathrow Airport Terminals. The last planning approach is the top down policy and bottom up planning and execution which have overall planning rules or guidelines which are

Internet Marketing Strategy ( Nike ) Research Paper

Internet Marketing Strategy ( Nike ) - Research Paper Example It is not just restricted to sportswear, instead it allows for large array of items related to other leisure. Eye wear, electronic timers, wrist bands and sweat bands as well as children shoes that are not primarily related to sports but for casual wear. Keywords: Sportswear, e-commerce, online, unique value proposition, marketing perspective, quality, customers’ considerations. History A predominant name in the field of footwear and numerous other interrelated services. It has been in practice and action since the mid 20th century and is amongst the top runners in the respective industry (Marco et.al , 262). The company has incorporated various techniques, business principles, policies which have enabled achieving its present day position and standing. All these have been implemented in respective disciplines pertinent to the overall best services and performances. Target group: Target group is defined as one that is the core focus on the company with regard to fulfilling the ir requirements and providing them with all sorts of items needed by them. Target group is also represented in the ads and commercials that are broadcasted. An active participant of nearly all major sporting activities, such as football, tennis, athletics and numerous other games, however it is not confined to sports only. The company has expanded its wings in a scattered way and can be easily termed as a multisided market industry with focus on various segments. Operating internationally and having its outlets and chains in nearly all the major regions of the world, it holds attraction due to its variety and quality in the given domain. Strategies: Nike Inc has expanded its network through its franchises and independent retailers who are officially granted the licenses in this regard to sell their products under the official banner. Both the franchises and independent outlets work through the approval of officially granted work permits by the head office and its concerned offices. Multisided market: Providing for sportswear as well as casual wear speaks of the company’s multisided approach. Also not limiting its items to teenagers or sports athletes is another example of multisided market approach. The offer of subsidiaries is another example of its multisided market orientation. Various subsidiaries are operational in the name of Converse Cole, Hockey Hurley International to name a few. How to reach the blue moon: Brand personality: The brand enjoys a credible name amongst the customers, it has stood for quality and reliability. Its expansion based policy and much more richer supply chain relationships define the brand itself. Differentiation: Differentiation is based upon quality, reliability, customers solution and future prospects consideration. Unique Value Proposition: In order to keep up with the changes of modern times, and the subsequent demands, any given company has to adopt and make certain items its bench mark and elements of separation wh ich may provide

Socrates and Virtue Essay Example for Free

Socrates and Virtue Essay At the beginning of Meno Socrates and Meno are discussing what they think the true definition of virtue is. They debate over this matter for quite some time and Meno continues to throw definitions, of what he thinks virtue is, at Socrates. It seems like every time Meno would come up with what he thought virtue was Socrates would shoot it down. Socrates would not come out and say this is not right, he would merely ask him a series of questions in order for Meno to realize it on his own. One after another Socrates continues to find problems with Menos reasoning behind his definitions. After the fourth attempt they finally decide they would try to start over with a clean slate in order to find out what virtue truly is. At this point Socrates and Meno have not quite come close to defining virtue they have just made definition in general much more clear. Early on the closest that Socrates and Meno come closest, in my opinion, to defining virtue is when they conclude that virtue is the desire for good things in order to do good. While there are many people out there who desire good things in order to do bad, there are just as many that desire good things in order to do some good. According to my interpretation of the text here, virtue is the desire for good or powerful things in order to do good for others. At the end of this passage though, Socrates shoots down this idea by asking a series of questions putting Meno in a state of perplexity and numbness, as Socrates does best (Section 77c ? 80b). Now having gone through all of that, Meno asks Socrates, how will know you found virtue if you do not know what it truly is? Socrates then goes on to tell Meno about the immortal soul and recollection. This is a belief that your soul is all knowing because it has been through an infinite amount of lives, consuming all kinds of knowledge and information. According to this, the soul is said to be all knowing. According to this theory, learning is just a matter of recalling all the knowledge from previous lives. So if this was true, then we all already have the true definition of virtue within all of us, we just have to ask the right questions in order for us to remember it (Section 80d ? 81e). Now in order to prove his point of recollection, Socrates brings over a slave boy and proceeds to ask him a series of questions in order to prove that learning is just a matter of recollection. This goes on for some time until Socrates is satisfied with the slave boy and his so called recollection of knowledge from his souls from previous lives. Socrates says we should continue to pursue knowledge and ask questions until we supposedly recall past knowledge. Today this theory is viewed as being somewhat far fetched and totally implausible (Sections 83a ?85e). Now soon after all this takes place they continue to discuss knowledge and virtue, contemplating the true definition of virtue. Socrates and Meno decide that virtue is something that can be beneficial to ones self, which is true. Socrates then talks about all the things that are beneficial to us: health, strength, beauty, and wealth. Those are all things which can be very beneficial to everyone or they can have the opposite effect and can be quite detrimental. The outcome of these things is determined by the use of them; good or bad. If used correctly then they would benefit us, if used improperly then they would have quite the opposite effect. Wealth would be a good example of this. It can be for the good or the bad that just depends. If you direct things by wisdom then that is how you get something to be beneficial to yourself or others. If you foolishly direct things in your life and are not careful then they become harmful. Socrates says that all activities done by humans depends on the soul itself, and if you are going to do some beneficial then it involves wisdom to a certain extent. So if in order to do something beneficial you need wisdom and they defined virtue as being something beneficial, therefore making the valid point that virtue is wisdom, for the most part ( Sections 87e ? 89b). Virtue is what you make of it. Yes, to some extent, I agree with Socrates with virtue as wisdom, but that is about as far as you can go with it. Really it is what you are willing to make of it in your own life. There are good types of virtues and then there are harmful types of virtue. Now you cannot really say that there are beneficial types of virtue and bad types of virtue. The reason behind this is because, to some people, virtue can be beneficial in a bad way instead of the beneficial that most people first think of. It varies from person to person. There is really no way of putting one basic definition on virtue. Virtue encompasses so many different things, it would be nearly impossible for us to slap a definition on it without finding a glitch or something wrong with the definition. There will always be someone there to find a problem with it, because is that not the way our society works? Somebody comes up with one thing, then after a while someone comes up something wrong with that idea and proposes a new, better, and far superior idea. So virtue can be defined in mere generalization, I do believe, rather than throwing some specific definition of virtue out there. It is not possible to put a single definition on virtue. For generalizations sake, I will have to say that virtue is wisdom, but there are so many more things that are included under wisdom, that the possibilities are endless.

Productivity Rate Of Roof Works For Project Scheduling Construction Essay

Productivity Rate Of Roof Works For Project Scheduling Construction Essay Abstract: In Malaysia, there is no research done specifically on collecting construction productivity data to serve as a guideline and standards for use by all players in the construction industry. Similar to JKR, as the largest implementers of government projects, the current practice on approval the schedule of works that submitted by contractors are mostly based on the engineers gut feeling/opinion and past experience. There is no standard procedure and guidelines to review and checking the duration and resources allocation in each activity in contractors work program. As an effort, this study will start with focusing on the identification of factors that influencing roofing works productivity in construction project. Those factors can be obtained through a series of statistical analysis based on the data collected from questionnaire and interview with the experts. Data from previous projects also very important in order to get the actual productivity rate for roof works. Finally, the expected finding for this study will be: a) List of factors that influence the productivity rate for roof works, b) The critical factors affecting most to productivity rate for roofing works, c) A metrics of productivity rate for roof works as a standard and guideline for improving JKR projects scheduling. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Managing construction projects always requires constant monitoring of project performance and the updating on project schedule. Project performance data and productivity data from the construction field is a key role in evaluating and predicting project performance in term of cost and schedule. According to Motwani et al. (1995), the productivity in construction has always been very difficult to measure and control. Even though, productivity in construction hard to measure, there is a need to use it for timely decisions and reduce the negative impacts on cost and schedule. Therefore, the integration of historical productivity data with the on-going performance data in construction field are required (Hwang and Liu, 2005). Hwang and Liu, (2009) presented that an accurate productivity prediction is important for managing construction projects. In fact, a construction project is commonly to be successful when it is delivering within its budget and timeline. The planning and control process also explains the importance of accurate productivity estimate which first, estimating time and cost of construction activities that inevitably requires productivity estimates (Hinze, 1998), and second, integrated management of time and cost must involved productivity factor (Dawood and Molson, 1997). There are most previous studies focusing on defining factors influence productivity and measuring limited parts of activities at micro level to investigate the relationship between factors and productivity. A standard construction productivity metric system that more reliable is a critical element in construction productivity performance evaluation and improvement process. There need a tool to drive performance improvement through internal and external benchmarking. Park, et al., (2005) present that nowadays, demand from the construction industry on developing acceptable construction productivity metrics and standardized productivity data are the main issues to focus by the industry players and researches. Problem Statement As the main technical agencies for the Government of Malaysia, Public Work Department (PWD) or Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) entrusted to implement development projects throughout the country. It is the goal of JKR to ensure that the organization is run efficiently and effectively in order to achieve the vision, mission and objectives of the department. JKR is responsible to ensure that all the projects must be implemented well, complete on time, within the budget and provide quality products. In 9th Malaysian Plan (RMK 9), most of JKR projects cannot be deliver on time. For example, about 41% of projects in JKR Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur cannot be delivering on time which is most of it are due to wrongly estimate the duration of the construction activities in project scheduling. It is also regarding to lack of competency of JKR officers in reviewing and giving advice to contractors especially in preparing realistic projects work program. This problem can be categorized as serious m atter and give high impact to the overall performance of JKR due to unsatisfaction of client with JKRs reputation. As the biggest technical government agency, there should be a way to solve the problem so that it will improve JKR image and give high reputation to the clients. 1 Master Student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 2 Supervisor, Professor Dr, Lecturer of Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. There should be a standard productivity rate of each activity in the project in order to guide the contractor and the JKR supervision team to plan and implement the projects successfully. Therefore, the study on productivity rate of roof works for building project scheduling as an effort and starting point to develop the standard productivity rate of project activities for JKRs projects. In fact, this study is consistent with JKR strategies and action plan in achieving Effective Implementation of Malaysia 5 Years Plan especially to ensure that projects are implemented through appropriate implementation methodologies to meet customer needs and outcomes. One of the action plans stated in JKR Strategic Framework is to establish effective project performance tracking system which is JKR must analyzing all data that related to the project in order to improve JKR project implementation (JKR, 2007). The Objectives The aim of this study is to establish the productivity rate of roof works for JKR building projects scheduling. In order to achieve this, the following are the objectives of the study: To identify the factors that influence the productivity of roof works To establish the relationship between influence factors and productivity of roof works To develop a metrics of productivity rate for roof works Scope of Study There are certain limitations to be follow to ensure that this study is completed within the time frame given. Firstly, this study only takes into consideration on all projects which implement in central region of Peninsular Malaysia i.e. projects in JKR Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur and JKR Selangor. Second, the sample for this study is concentrate only in school projects which are the most of JKR projects implementation in 9th Malaysian Plan. Since standard design was using in school projects, the area of roof is fixed. This given the standardization to estimate the productivity rate for roofing works referring to the floor area involved. Roof trusses in construction projects can be classified in timber roof trusses, hot rolled roof trusses, cold form roof trusses and etc. The third limitation of this study is only taking into consideration of the cold form roof trusses because most of the school projects are using this type of trusses. In addition, JKR already has a list of 22 names of cold form roof trusses suppliers which their design have been reviewed and approved by the JKR Structure Expert Division. This list is for the JKR officers in state and district office to choose for their projects especially school projects. Forth, part of roof covering for this study only take into consideration one(1) types which is concrete roof tiles including insulations. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Recently, construction productivity is on a long-term slide and it is recognized as industry challenge. System, people, materials, information and energy must flow effectively and efficiently to produce its objective at high productivity to complete construction at lowest possible cost with possible shortest timeframe (Picard, 2005). Productivity is critically important in construction industry. Many researchers have expressed their concern over productivity in construction industry. Defining productivity is not a simple task to everybody. Different people will give different definition and understanding. Most of them agreed that marketable output was essentially the main measure used. Increased productivity was a leading concern to all Committee stakeholders such as users, contractors, and construction labor unions and led by the owner. The construction users emphasized the need of collecting data directly relevant to productivity improvement. The Committee was concluded that the front-line construction foreman/supervisor would be a reliable source of information. These informants would be asked to provide their judgment of the greatest impediments to a productive construction project (Tucker, 2003). Definition of productivity Within these several decades, many researchers have defined the productivity term in their studies in a number of ways. The term productivity has different meanings to different people. Many individuals automatically think only of labor unions when the term productivity is mentioned. Others associate capital expenditures with the term. Each of these interpretations is only partly correct (Adrian, 1993). Many researchers have attempted to define precisely the meaning of productivity and below are some of it that referred from their studies: Oglesby et al. (1989), presented that productivity can be defined as in-place value divided by inputs. Some researchers have defined it as works-hours divided by the equivalent quantity of work. In construction, productivity normally can be understood as work quantity divided by man-hours (or work-hours) consumed to accomplish the work. Productivity = Work Quantity Man-hours According to Dolman, Parham, Zheng, (2007), productivity is a measure in order to know how much output is produced per unit of input. Diewert Lawrence, (2006) presented that productivity can be defined as the level of economic output per unit of input and also per worker. Productivity is important to the wealth and well-being of a nation and give efforts to improve productivity occur at all levels of society. Thomas and Mathew, (1986) presented that no standardized productivity definition had been established in the construction industry. It is difficult to define a standard productivity measure because companies use their own systems which are not standardized. Association simply illustrates the productivity between an output and an input. The form has been widely used and existing in literature over the years in construction industry is; Productivity = Input/Output 2.3 Measurement of productivity There is controversy surrounding productivity that rooted in the differences in data collection. It is due to incorrect in assuming productivity measured uniformly and that all published productivity values have the same basis (Whiteside, 2006). Overall conception of productivity is difficult to express or to measure. It is sometimes expressed either in terms of output from labor or from services or from capital invested. These parts of expressions often do not give an accurate picture of the overall position. Although, there are measurements of some or all of the inputs and outputs of the industry but they still failed to combine these measurements into any satisfactory measure of efficiency. In fact, the ratio is easy to compute if the unit uses a single input to produce a single output (Choy, 2008). Although there are numbers of publications exist on construction productivity, there is no agreed upon definition of work activities nor a standard productivity measurement system. Most of researchers have concluded that it is difficult to obtain a standard method to measure construction labor productivity because of project complexity and unique characteristics of the construction projects (Oglesby et al. 1989). The uniqueness and non repetitive of operation in construction projects make it is difficult to develop a standard productivity definition and measure (Sweis, 2000). Factors influence productivity in construction Lim et al., (1995) has studied that factors affecting productivity in the construction industry in Singapore, indicated the problems affecting productivity were difficulty with recruitment of supervisors, difficulty with recruitment of workers, high rate of labor turnover, absenteeism from the work site and communication problems with the foreign workers. Olomolaiye et al., (1996) also studied that factors affecting productivity of craftsmen in Indonesia show the findings indicating craftsmen in this country spent 75 % of their time working productively. There are five specific productivity problems were identified such as lack of materials, rework, absenteeism, lack of equipment and tools. Kane et al., (cited in Herbsman et al., 1990) has classified the factors affecting construction productivity into two main groups which is technological factors and administrative factors. The technological factors involved those related to the design of the project and the administrative group factors are related to the management and construction of the project. Technological factors are comprises of sub-groups such as design factors, material factors and location factors. Administrative factors are comprises of sub-groups, such as construction methods and procedural factors, equipment factors, labor factors and social factors. Based on Heizer and Render (1990), they classified that factors influencing site productivity into 3 groups which are labour characteristic factors, project work conditions factors and non-productive activities. Olomolaiye et al., (1998) also stated that factors affecting construction productivity are rarely constant and may vary from country to country, fro m project to project and even within the same project which are depending on circumstances. They classified the factors influencing construction productivity into 2 categories which are external and internal. That means its representing those outside the control of the firms management and those originating within the firm. The external factors included the nature of the industry, construction client knowledge of construction procedure, weather and level of economic development. The internal factors included management, technology, labor and labor unions. Choi, (2007), stated that based on his finding, weather and poor communication prove to be the greatest impediment to roofing productivity, whereas the field workers pointed out that roof pitch, height and age of the roof along weather were major causes for lack of productivity in their job at site. He also stressed that roofing contractor generally not consider safety as a high priority in their business. Metrics an overview According to Melnyk et al., (2004), they stated that metrics are fulfill with the fundamental activities measuring (evaluating how we are doing), educating (communicating what is important and how we intend to deliver value to our customers) and directing (flagging potential problems by size of gap between the metrics and standards). Ideally, metrics are consistent with the way operation delivers value to the customers. Based on Melnyk et al., (2005), they presented that metric is a verifiable measure which consists of three elements such as; a) the specific measure, b) the standard (the numerical values that identifies the minimum threshold of performance, and c) the environment which the activity or person being measured operates. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In order to achieve the objectives, Figure 1.1 illustrated the schematic of research methodology for this study. Generally, it consists of four distinct phases, which are phase 1, phase 2, phase 3 and phase 4. 3.1 Phase 1 Selection of the topic has been done after gone through JKR listing of significance topics that can contribute to department as a whole. Topic of the study and proposed productivity rate of roof works is important to JKR building project scheduling to ensure all project can be completed on time with good quality. Based on previous researchers, there are several measurements on productivity rate in construction. This study will be focusing on the identification of factors that influencing roofing works productivity in JKR projects. From this scenario, the objectives of this study has been identified which are identifying of factors influence, the relationship and the establishing productivity rate of roof works. In such way, the focus of this topic must be in line with study limitation. In order to strengthen knowledge and ideas in this research area, extensive reading from journals and books must be thoroughly done. Besides that, preliminary site observation has been conducted to the selected site. Furthermore, the preliminary interview was conducted to get overview information about productivity rate of roof works. Due to time constraint, the observation has been done only for school projects. 3.2 Phase 2 A few samples of studies will be identifying purposely for running through the method of productivity measurement for getting accurate and practical data. Observation on quantity of roof works per man hours should be performing at site. During observation at site, interview with the expert is use as a tool to collect information data on how the productivity rate of roof works can be estimate and what are the factors influences the productivity rate Several interviewees will be selected based on qualification and experienced more than 10 years especially contractors and suppliers. Beside that, questionnaire will be distributed to technical person such as supervisor, engineer, manager and contractors to obtain their opinion in term of productivity rate of roof works. 3.3 Phase 3 In this stage, all the data from the questionnaires and interviews will compile. The data will be analyze accordingly and transform into productivity rate. Data analyzing, there will be a confirmation on what are the factors influence productivity rate of roof works will be getting through data analyzing, while standard productivity rate metrics of roof works will be producing after transform all the data into productivity rate by using appropriate statistical analysis. 3.4 Phase 4 Extract from data obtained in Phase 3, some proposal or recommendation will be highlighted in order to enhance a metrics of standard productivity rate for future building project scheduling. EXPECTED RESULTS The expected results of this study in next semester are: a) List of factors that influence the productivity rate for roof works, b) The critical factors affecting most to productivity rate for roofing works, c) A metrics of productivity rate for roof works as a standard and guideline for improving JKR projects scheduling. Selection of Topic Identify the Objective and Scope Phase 1 Preliminary Site Observation Literature Review Preliminary Interview Objective.(c) Objective.(b) Objective.(a) Case Studies Identify the factors influence Observation on quantity of works/ man hours DATA COLLECTION Interview with Experts Selecting several experts with experience more than 10 years Phase 2 DATA ANALYSIS Figure 1.1: Schematic of Research Methodology TENTATIVE SCHEDULE The following table is the tentative schedule for final project in next semester: